漆樹種(zhong)子育苗(miao)方法(fa)

漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)可用(yong)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和埋根兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa)育(yu)(yu)(yu)苗(miao)兩(liang)者(zhe)各(ge)有(you)其優(you)缺點現(xian)主要介紹漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)育(yu)(yu)(yu)苗(miao)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)管(guan)理方法(fa).漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)外皮堅硬附有(you)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)脂(zhi)，水(shui)(shui)分很難(nan)進(jin)入(ru)。產(chan)區(qu)群眾采用(yong)“開水(shui)(shui)燙種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)堿水(shui)(shui)脫脂(zhi)，浸泡種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)殼溫水(shui)(shui)催芽(ya)”的(de)(de)方法(fa)。現(xian)將漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)苗(miao)過程加(jia)以(yi)總結(jie)，供廣大客戶(hu)在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)育(yu)(yu)(yu)苗(miao)前(qian)引以(yi)為參照。首先由于(yu)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)(de)表皮蠟質(zhi)層起(qi)到一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天(tian)然(ran)的(de)(de)“包衣(yi)”作用(yong)，所以(yi)，漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)經采收(shou)后，只需(xu)要常溫室內自然(ran)通(tong)風干燥貯藏(zang)即可，一(yi)般不用(yong)沙藏(zang)，其種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)內部(bu)水(shui)(shui)分不會散失。但是，漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)蠟質(zhi)層，在(zai)進(jin)行籽(zi)播育(yu)(yu)(yu)苗(miao)之前(qian)，必須經人工處理，將蠟質(zhi)層去除(chu)，才能夠催進(jin)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)(de)盡快發芽(ya)生長(chang)。其具體做法(fa)步(bu)驟(zou)總結(jie)如下：

1：漆樹種子的蠟質層去除

首先，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)待(dai)(dai)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)漆(qi)樹(shu)(shu)籽進行(xing)人(ren)工清(qing)選(xuan)(xuan)干凈，根據苗(miao)圃的(de)(de)面積，計算出合理的(de)(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)，一般(ban)(ban)大田播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，每畝(mu)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)漆(qi)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)25公斤{帶(dai)蠟(la)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層毛種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)30公斤}，正常情況下(xia)(xia)(xia)，可(ke)(ke)以成(cheng)苗(miao)18000-20000株漆(qi)樹(shu)(shu)幼(you)苗(miao)。經(jing)清(qing)選(xuan)(xuan)后的(de)(de)漆(qi)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)，倒入(ru)桶，或盆等(deng)容(rong)器(qi)內(nei)，再將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)純堿(jian)，或燒堿(jian){一般(ban)(ban)大型超市或化(hua)工用(yong)(yong)品商(shang)店有(you)售(shou)}按相(xiang)應比例倒入(ru)漆(qi)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)里，加以攪拌，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)與堿(jian)拌勻后，即(ji)可(ke)(ke)以將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)70攝(she)氏度(du)(du)以上的(de)(de)開水(shui)倒入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)內(nei)，用(yong)(yong)人(ren)工將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)經(jing)多(duo)次攪拌，等(deng)堿(jian)完全融化(hua)后，放在一邊，自(zi)然冷卻，等(deng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)水(shui)溫(wen)降到50度(du)(du)以下(xia)(xia)(xia)，即(ji)可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)(yong)手將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)漆(qi)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)蠟(la)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮層搓揉(rou)去(qu)(qu)除，去(qu)(qu)除蠟(la)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮層的(de)(de)漆(qi)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)，再用(yong)(yong)清(qing)水(shui)多(duo)次濾(lv)洗，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蠟(la)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮層淘(tao)洗干凈，淘(tao)凈的(de)(de)漆(qi)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)，須放入(ru)50度(du)(du)左右的(de)(de)溫(wen)水(shui)進行(xing)浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)催(cui)芽(ya)。浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)催(cui)芽(ya)的(de)(de)時(shi)間，在室溫(wen)20攝(she)氏度(du)(du)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，經(jing)48小(xiao)時(shi)后，待(dai)(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)胚萌動，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芽(ya)膨大時(shi)，即(ji)可(ke)(ke)取(qu)出播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)地。

2：漆樹種子的播種方法

漆樹種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的播(bo)種(zhong)一般采用條播(bo)法。在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)園(yuan)土(tu)(tu)平整之前，可以(yi)視土(tu)(tu)壤肥力情(qing)況，對(dui)(dui)土(tu)(tu)壤進行(xing)(xing)相應(ying)的施肥改(gai)造，一般建議用農家肥，經腐熟發(fa)酵后(hou)，以(yi)每畝1200公斤的用量，施入園(yuan)土(tu)(tu)內。將深翻施肥后(hou)的園(yuan)土(tu)(tu)耙平，整細(xi)，用鋤(chu)頭(tou)按深度5厘(li)米，行(xing)(xing)距(ju)15厘(li)米條狀(zhuang)，刨淺溝(gou)，將漆樹種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)均(jun)勻撒入溝(gou)內，同(tong)時(shi)將種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)蓋土(tu)(tu)厚度約5厘(li)米，將表(biao)(biao)皮踏實，不(bu)得出(chu)現種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)裸露地表(biao)(biao)，或蓋土(tu)(tu)厚度不(bu)均(jun)現象(xiang)。蓋土(tu)(tu)后(hou)的種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)，要(yao)視土(tu)(tu)壤干濕度情(qing)況，對(dui)(dui)土(tu)(tu)壤進行(xing)(xing)保濕維護(hu)。如(ru)果土(tu)(tu)壤過分干燥，不(bu)利于漆樹種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的盡(jin)快發(fa)芽出(chu)土(tu)(tu)，影響種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的出(chu)芽率(lv)(lv)與成苗率(lv)(lv)，因此，對(dui)(dui)土(tu)(tu)壤進行(xing)(xing)必要(yao)的濕度保持比較重要(yao)。

3：漆樹幼苗期的田間管護

播(bo)種后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漆樹(shu)種子，經三(san)到四周的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間，即可(ke)(ke)(ke)破土(tu)(tu)萌(meng)動出(chu)芽，新(xin)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漆樹(shu)芽苗(miao)(miao)，應精(jing)心維護，首先(xian)要(yao)防止雜(za)草(cao)滋生，視雜(za)草(cao)生長情(qing)況(kuang)，及(ji)時(shi)人(ren)工拔除(chu)。苗(miao)(miao)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漆樹(shu)苗(miao)(miao)地雜(za)草(cao)防除(chu)，不(bu)(bu)得(de)使(shi)(shi)用化學(xue)除(chu)草(cao)劑(ji)，化學(xue)除(chu)草(cao)劑(ji)使(shi)(shi)用比(bi)例與(yu)方(fang)法不(bu)(bu)當，極易(yi)形成(cheng)對漆樹(shu)幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傷害，造成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)挽回的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)。漆樹(shu)幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐澇(lao)(lao)能力(li)較差，在夏季(ji)多雨季(ji)節(jie)，如遇連續(xu)陰雨天氣，應注意觀(guan)察(cha)苗(miao)(miao)圃(pu)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墑情(qing)，防止田間地表(biao)(biao)積(ji)水嚴重(zhong)(zhong)，發(fa)現(xian)地表(biao)(biao)積(ji)水，要(yao)加以排澇(lao)(lao)，將(jiang)地表(biao)(biao)積(ji)水引出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)地。尤其在夏季(ji)雨后(hou)，突然晴天，陽(yang)光(guang)直射，地表(biao)(biao)升溫快(kuai)，如果(guo)地表(biao)(biao)積(ji)水不(bu)(bu)能及(ji)時(shi)排除(chu)，容易(yi)導致(zhi)漆樹(shu)幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)根(gen)部缺氧，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片黃化而死苗(miao)(miao)。幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漆樹(shu)，如果(guo)土(tu)(tu)壤肥(fei)力(li)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，也會影響其健壯(zhuang)生長，肥(fei)力(li)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)壤，漆樹(shu)幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)會出(chu)現(xian)長勢不(bu)(bu)良，高矮(ai)不(bu)(bu)均勻，植(zhi)株細弱(ruo)，根(gen)系不(bu)(bu)發(fa)達。因此，及(ji)時(shi)注意觀(guan)察(cha)苗(miao)(miao)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長情(qing)況(kuang)，對幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)進行肥(fei)力(li)管理與(yu)控制(zhi)也是必不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如果(guo)出(chu)現(xian)漆樹(shu)幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)期葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片黃花嚴重(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以選擇在生長期進行葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)噴(pen)(pen)施(shi)磷酸(suan)二(er)氫鉀，或尿素稀(xi)釋(shi)液來補充幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)所(suo)需(xu)養分。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)肥(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噴(pen)(pen)施(shi)濃度(du)可(ke)(ke)(ke)按千分之五的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例，清(qing)水稀(xi)釋(shi)。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)肥(fei)噴(pen)(pen)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間一般選擇在下午(wu)五點后(hou)進行，噴(pen)(pen)施(shi)間隔(ge)時(shi)間為二(er)周。經二(er)到三(san)次葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)肥(fei)施(shi)用后(hou)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)改善幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)黃化葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長狀況(kuang)。

4：漆樹幼苗的移植造林

漆(qi)樹(shu)幼苗(miao)(miao)當(dang)年(nian)(nian)生長(chang)高度可(ke)達50-100厘(li)米(mi)以上(shang)，當(dang)年(nian)(nian)秋季進入落葉休眠期后，即可(ke)進行移(yi)植(zhi)造林。造林地(di)宜(yi)選在向陽，通風，土層深厚，排水通暢的(de)山坡，丘陵(ling)地(di)帶。漆(qi)樹(shu)幼苗(miao)(miao)造林畝均用量80株以上(shang)，株行距(ju)以2.5米(mi)×3米(mi)較(jiao)為合適.栽(zai)植(zhi)穴的(de)規格(ge)尺寸可(ke)按50公分見(jian)方開挖.開挖完好的(de)栽(zai)植(zhi)穴可(ke)以施放一(yi)(yi)定的(de)量的(de)基肥對(dui)于漆(qi)樹(shu)幼苗(miao)(miao)的(de)早(zao)期生長(chang)與抗(kang)性增強有極大的(de)幫助.一(yi)(yi)般(ban)漆(qi)樹(shu)成林約需三到(dao)四年(nian)(nian)時間不(bu)提(ti)倡(chang)過早(zao)割漆(qi)根據漆(qi)樹(shu)品種的(de)不(bu)同割漆(qi)時間早(zao)晚有所差別.一(yi)(yi)般(ban)以第四年(nian)(nian)為初(chu)割期且注意割漆(qi)深度與割漆(qi)量不(bu)宜(yi)過大.早(zao)期割漆(qi)操作不(bu)當(dang)會影響樹(shu)勢的(de)恢(hui)復生長(chang)與高產(chan)穩定.