純電動汽車的發展現狀面臨問題與核心技術

目前(qian)人們所說的(de)(de)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)多是指純(chun)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，即是一種采用單(dan)一蓄電池(chi)作為儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力源(yuan)的(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。它利用蓄電池(chi)作為儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力源(yuan)，通過電池(chi)向電機(ji)提供電能(neng)(neng)，驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)運轉(zhuan)，從而推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)前(qian)進。從外形(xing)上看，電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)與(yu)日常見到(dao)的(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)并(bing)沒(mei)有什么區別，區別主(zhu)要在于動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力源(yuan)及其驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統。即純(chun)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)相當(dang)于傳統汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，蓄電池(chi)相當(dang)于原來的(de)(de)油箱。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)是針(zhen)對內燃(ran)(ran)機車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛提出來的(de)(de)概念(nian)。謂(wei)之“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)”，是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)它的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源是蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池而(er)不是汽(qi)油(you)(you)（或柴油(you)(you)）等石油(you)(you)產(chan)品。純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)是指(zhi)以車(che)(che)(che)(che)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源為(wei)(wei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 機驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)輪行(xing)駛，符合道路交通、安全法(fa)規各項(xiang)要求的(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛。一般采用(yong)(yong)高效率充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，或燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)(wei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)無(wu)需再用(yong)(yong)內燃(ran)(ran)機，因(yin)此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機相當于(yu)傳(chuan)統汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池相當于(yu)原來的(de)(de)油(you)(you)箱，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是二次(ci)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，可以來源于(yu)風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等多種方式。

純電動汽車-結構

電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)由(you)(you)底盤(pan)、車(che)身、蓄電(dian)池組、電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)和(he)輔助設施蓄電(dian)池六部分(fen)組成(cheng)。由(you)(you)于電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)具有良(liang)好(hao)的(de)牽引特性，因(yin)此蓄電(dian)池汽車(che)的(de)傳動(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)不需要離合器(qi)和(he)變(bian)速(su)器(qi)。車(che)速(su)控(kong)制(zhi)由(you)(you)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)通過調(diao)速(su)系(xi)統(tong)改變(bian)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)轉速(su)即(ji)可實現。

純電動汽車-原理

純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，顧名(ming)思義，是由(you)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)能(neng)量使電(dian)(dian)(dian)機驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)車(che)(che)輪(lun)前進；燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池區別于純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，由(you)常見的(de)(de)氫燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池不(bu)斷的(de)(de)產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，并儲存在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)，依然由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)車(che)(che)輪(lun)。混合動(dong)力(li)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)是為解(jie)決(jue)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)續(xu)駛里程(cheng)短而提(ti)出的(de)(de)一(yi)種折中(zhong)方案。它(ta)既(ji)有(you)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機，又有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，可單獨由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)或發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)機驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)。系統的(de)(de)復雜性增(zeng)加(jia)，但是改善了(le)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機的(de)(de)工作狀況而具有(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)燃油利用率，通常也(ye)把它(ta)歸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。

純電動汽車-分類

就開發的(de)電動汽車來講，可分三類：純電動汽車（Pure EV）、混合動力電動汽車（Hybrid Electric Vehicle：HEV）和(he)燃(ran)料電池汽車（Fuel Cell Vehicle：FCV）。

純電動汽車-優點

電動(dong)汽車(che)的(de)(de)優點是：它(ta)本身不排(pai)放(fang)(fang)污染大(da)氣的(de)(de)有(you)害氣體，即(ji)使按所耗電量 換算(suan)為發電廠(chang)的(de)(de)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)，除(chu)(chu)硫(liu)和微粒外，其(qi)它(ta)污染物也(ye)顯著減少，由于電廠(chang)大(da)多建于遠離人口(kou)密集的(de)(de)城市，對(dui)(dui)人類傷害較(jiao)少，而且電廠(chang)是固定不動(dong)的(de)(de)，集中(zhong)的(de)(de)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)，清(qing)除(chu)(chu)各(ge)種有(you)害排(pai)放(fang)(fang)物較(jiao)容易，也(ye)已有(you)了(le)相(xiang)關(guan)技術。由于電力可以(yi)從多種一次能(neng)源(yuan)獲(huo)得，如煤、核能(neng)、水力等，解除(chu)(chu)人們對(dui)(dui)石油資源(yuan)日(ri)見(jian)枯竭的(de)(de)擔(dan)心。電動(dong)汽車(che)還可以(yi)充(chong)分利用晚間用電低谷時(shi)富余的(de)(de)電力充(chong)電，使發電設備日(ri)夜都能(neng)充(chong)分利用，大(da)大(da)提高其(qi)經濟效益。

有些研(yan)究表明，同樣的(de)(de)原(yuan)油經(jing)過粗(cu)煉，送至電(dian)廠發電(dian)，經(jing)充入電(dian)池(chi)，再(zai)由電(dian)池(chi)驅動(dong)汽(qi)車，其(qi)能(neng)量利用(yong)(yong)效率比經(jing)過精煉變(bian)為(wei)汽(qi)油，再(zai)經(jing)汽(qi)油機(ji)驅動(dong)汽(qi)車高，因(yin)此有利于節(jie)約能(neng)源和減(jian)少二氧化碳的(de)(de)排量，正是這些優點(dian)，使電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)研(yan)究和應用(yong)(yong)成為(wei)汽(qi)車工業(ye)的(de)(de)一個"熱點(dian)"。

純電動汽車-應用

純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)是完全由二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池( 如鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池或(huo)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等(deng)) 提(ti)供動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)。目前純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)轎車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)客車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)均已(yi)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)國家質檢中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)的型(xing)式認證試(shi)驗(yan), 各項指標(biao)均滿足有關(guan)國家標(biao)準和(he)(he)企業標(biao)準的規(gui)定。天津清源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)有限公(gong)司、深圳(zhen)雷天公(gong)司等(deng)單位研(yan)發的純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)轎車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che), 其整車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)性、經濟性、續駛(shi)里程、噪聲等(deng)指標(biao)已(yi)達到(dao)甚至超過(guo)(guo)(guo)國外同(tong)級(ji)別車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)型(xing), 初步形成了(le)關(guan)鍵技術的研(yan)發能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)。目前, 進(jin)行純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行的城市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有若(ruo)干個, 但是規(gui)模都比較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)。2005 年(nian)1 月(yue), 天津市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的22 輛(liang)(liang)轎車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)1 輛(liang)(liang)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的示(shi)(shi)范(fan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行通過(guo)(guo)(guo)了(le)國家驗(yan)收(shou)。同(tong)年(nian)12 月(yue), 武漢市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)行的95 輛(liang)(liang)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)( 另有20 輛(liang)(liang)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)3 輛(liang)(liang)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)轎車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)) 的3 年(nian)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行也通過(guo)(guo)(guo)了(le)國家驗(yan)收(shou)。因為(wei)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)受到(dao)續駛(shi)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的約束, 純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)試(shi)驗(yan)主要集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)在小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)上。根(gen)據“中(zhong)(zhong)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)網”報(bao)道, 2006 年(nian)1 月(yue), 湖南省株洲市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有50 臺小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)進(jin)行社區內(nei)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行, 該市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有若(ruo)干輛(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)也在運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行中(zhong)(zhong)。同(tong)年(nian)4 月(yue), 浙江省杭州市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項目, 6 輛(liang)(liang)轎車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)5 輛(liang)(liang)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)進(jin)行示(shi)(shi)范(fan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行。

純電動汽車-面臨的問題

動汽車的困難是目(mu)前蓄(xu)電池(chi)單位重量(liang)儲存的能量(liang)太少，還因電動車的電池(chi)較貴(gui)，又沒形成經濟規模(mo)，故購(gou)買價(jia)(jia)格較貴(gui)，至于(yu)使用成本，有些試用結(jie)果比(bi)汽車貴(gui)，有些結(jie)果僅(jin)為汽車的1／3，這主要取決于(yu)電池(chi)的壽命及當地的油、電價(jia)(jia)格。

純電動汽車-現狀

1、發達國家與主要汽車集團的電動汽車現狀

國外著名汽車公司都(dou)十分重視(shi)研究開發(fa)電動(dong)汽車, 世界發(fa)達國家不惜投入(ru)巨資(zi)進行研究開發(fa), 并制定了一些相(xiang)關的政策、法(fa)規來推動(dong)電動(dong)汽車的發(fa)展。

美國目(mu)前正在大(da)力(li)研(yan)制和(he)(he)推(tui)廣使用燃料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)和(he)(he)純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che), 政府(fu)能(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)與通用、福特和(he)(he)戴- 克三(san)大(da)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)制造商聯(lian)合(he)開發燃料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。現在, 美國已有(you)7 個州(zhou)加入了(le)零(ling)排放計劃, 到規定年限后這些地區銷(xiao)售(shou)的汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)必須為零(ling)排放, 即(ji)只能(neng)為純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)和(he)(he)燃料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。

以美國(guo)(guo)藍鳥客(ke)車(che)公司、英國(guo)(guo)的FRZAERNASH公司、日本(ben)豐田(tian)、日本(ben)本(ben)田(tian)為(wei)代表的電動客(ke)車(che)和(he)轎車(che)已(yi)經(jing)上市, 英國(guo)(guo)已(yi)有數(shu)萬輛電動汽(qi)車(che)在使用;

法國是世(shi)界上推廣(guang)應用(yong)純(chun)電動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)最成(cheng)(cheng)功的(de)國家(jia)之(zhi)一, 成(cheng)(cheng)立了(le)(le)電動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)推廣(guang)應用(yong)國家(jia)部(bu)際協調委員會,巴黎和拉羅(luo)舍爾已經建(jian)立了(le)(le)比較完善(shan)的(de)純(chun)電動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充電站網基礎設施, 制定了(le)(le)優惠的(de)支持和激勵使(shi)用(yong)電動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)政策, 且已經初步形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)純(chun)電動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)運行體(ti)系。

在(zai)近年的(de)國(guo)際性大型運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)會(hui)(hui)上, 電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)也成(cheng)為(wei)各國(guo)展示其(qi)科技實力和環保意識的(de)工具之一。亞特(te)蘭大奧運(yun)(yun)會(hui)(hui)使用了(le)美國(guo)藍鳥客(ke)車(che)(che)公(gong)司(si)生產的(de)純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)客(ke)車(che)(che)作為(wei)公(gong)務和電(dian)視轉播車(che)(che), 悉尼(ni)奧運(yun)(yun)會(hui)(hui)購買(mai)了(le)英國(guo)FRAZER- NASH 公(gong)司(si)的(de)近400 輛(liang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)客(ke)車(che)(che)作為(wei)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)員接送(song)車(che)(che)輛(liang)。混合動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)領域,

本豐(feng)田(tian)公司(si)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)的(de)Prius 和本田(tian)公司(si)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)的(de)Insight2 種混(hun)(hun)合(he)動力(li)電(dian)動汽(qi)車已(yi)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)批量投放市(shi)場。豐(feng)田(tian)公司(si)的(de)Prius 銷(xiao)售已(yi)在2006 年(nian)(nian)(nian)累計突破150 萬輛, 并于2005 年(nian)(nian)(nian)底(di)在我國長春一汽(qi)進行了組裝(zhuang)生產(chan)和銷(xiao)售。日(ri)產(chan)公司(si)也于2003 年(nian)(nian)(nian)推出(chu)Tino 混(hun)(hun)合(he)動力(li)汽(qi)車, 在日(ri)本國內市(shi)場上銷(xiao)售了100 多輛。

歐(ou)洲各(ge)大(da)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)廠商爭先恐后地推出了本公(gong)司(si)(si)研(yan)制的(de)(de)(de)混合(he)動力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che), 甚至德(de)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)博世(BOSCH) 等著名的(de)(de)(de)零部(bu)件公(gong)司(si)(si)也積極與(yu)(yu)大(da)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)公(gong)司(si)(si)聯(lian)手開(kai)發混合(he)動力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)技術。美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)已(yi)有(you)近20 個城市試驗使用混合(he)動力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動公(gong)交車(che)(che),瑞典、法國(guo)、德(de)國(guo)、意(yi)大(da)利、比利時等國(guo)計(ji)劃(hua)在(zai)(zai)9 個歐(ou)洲城市開(kai)通(tong)混合(he)動力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動公(gong)共汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)線路。燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)斬露頭(tou)角(jiao), 國(guo)外(wai)(wai)企(qi)業(ye)界(jie)紛紛組成(cheng)強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)跨國(guo)聯(lian)盟(meng), 以(yi)(yi)期達到優勢互補的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。如日(ri)(ri)本豐田與(yu)(yu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)通(tong)用公(gong)司(si)(si), 日(ri)(ri)本東芝公(gong)司(si)(si)與(yu)(yu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)國(guo)際燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)公(gong)司(si)(si), 德(de)國(guo)BMW公(gong)司(si)(si)與(yu)(yu)西門子公(gong)司(si)(si), 雷諾(nuo)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)公(gong)司(si)(si)與(yu)(yu)意(yi)大(da)利De Nora 公(gong)司(si)(si)分(fen)別(bie)組成(cheng)聯(lian)盟(meng)開(kai)發燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che); 本也已(yi)投資(zi)數億美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)元開(kai)發燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。其中, 以(yi)(yi)加(jia)拿大(da)的(de)(de)(de)巴拉德(de)、美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)福特、德(de)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)戴姆(mu)勒(le)- 克萊斯勒(le)聯(lian)(XCELLSIS)最具代表性, 該聯(lian)盟(meng)投資(zi)10億加(jia)元開(kai)發生產電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)用燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)動力(li)(li)系統。在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)發熱潮(chao)中, 幾乎所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)外(wai)(wai)大(da)型(xing)企(qi)業(ye)集團全部(bu)介入(ru), 投入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)總額超(chao)過百(bai)億美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)元。但是, 由于燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本和壽命問題(ti), 使得這一項目(mu)目(mu)前進展(zhan)緩慢。在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)示(shi)范運行(xing)方(fang)面, 世界(jie)各(ge)國(guo)也都(dou)不約而(er)同地把注意(yi)力(li)(li)集中在(zai)(zai)大(da)客車(che)(che)上, 如歐(ou)盟(meng)的(de)(de)(de)CUTE 示(shi)范項目(mu)、UNDP/GEF 燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)商業(ye)化示(shi)范項目(mu)、美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)加(jia)州的(de)(de)(de)CAHFC 示(shi)范項目(mu)和日(ri)(ri)本的(de)(de)(de)JHFC計(ji)劃(hua)等。與(yu)(yu)此同時, 部(bu)分(fen)國(guo)家(jia)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)為促進電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan), 通(tong)過財(cai)稅手段調整(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)發展(zhan)結(jie)構。像美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、日(ri)(ri)等國(guo)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)產品給(gei)予10%的(de)(de)(de)鼓勵性補貼(tie), 荷蘭政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)補貼(tie)更是高達30%。并對傳統汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)開(kai)征燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)稅, 如歐(ou)洲部(bu)分(fen)國(guo)家(jia)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)稅高達200~300%,最低的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)也有(you)34%。

2、中國電動汽車現狀

中國(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)雖然沒有歐美等(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)起步早, 但國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)從(cong)維護能(neng)源安全, 改善大(da)氣環境(jing), 提高(gao)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)工業競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li), 實(shi)現我國(guo)(guo)(guo)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)工業的(de)跨(kua)越(yue)式發(fa)(fa)展的(de)戰(zhan)略高(gao)度(du)考慮, 從(cong)“八五”開始(shi)到(dao)現在, 電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)研(yan)究(jiu)一(yi)直(zhi)是國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)計劃項目, 并在2001 年設立了“電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)科(ke)(ke)技專(zhuan)項”。通(tong)過組織企業、高(gao)等(deng)(deng)院校和(he)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)機構, 集中各方面力(li)量進行(xing)(xing)聯合攻(gong)關(guan), 現正處于研(yan)發(fa)(fa)勢頭強(qiang)勁(jing)階段, 部分技術已(yi)(yi)(yi)經趕(gan)上甚至超(chao)過世界先進水平(ping)。“電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)科(ke)(ke)技專(zhuan)項”實(shi)施(shi)以來, 已(yi)(yi)(yi)成功開發(fa)(fa)出燃料電(dian)池汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)樣車(che)(che)(che), 累(lei)計運(yun)行(xing)(xing)數千(qian)公(gong)里; 混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)客車(che)(che)(che)已(yi)(yi)(yi)在武漢等(deng)(deng)地公(gong)交(jiao)線路上試驗運(yun)行(xing)(xing)超(chao)過百萬(wan)公(gong)里; 純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)已(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)過國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)有關(guan)認證試驗。

純電動汽車-發展

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)關鍵，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)動(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)難(nan)在 “低(di)成(cheng)本要(yao)(yao)(yao)求”、“高容量(liang)(liang)(liang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求”及“高安全(quan)(quan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求”等三個(ge)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求上。要(yao)(yao)(yao)想在較大(da)范圍內應用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)依靠先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經過10多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)篩選(xuan)，現(xian)在普遍看好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，鐵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)和(he)(he)鋰(li)(li)(li)聚合(he)物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。氫鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單位重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儲存能量(liang)(liang)(liang)比鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)多(duo)一倍，其(qi)它性(xing)能也(ye)(ye)都優于鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。但目前價(jia)格為鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4-5倍，正在大(da)力(li)(li)攻關讓它降(jiang)下來(lai)。鐵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)豐富、價(jia)格低(di)廉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵元素材料，成(cheng)本得到大(da)幅度降(jiang)低(di)，也(ye)(ye)有(you)廠家采(cai)用(yong)。鋰(li)(li)(li)是(shi)最(zui)(zui)輕、化學特性(xing)十分活潑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬，鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單位重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儲能為鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3倍，鋰(li)(li)(li)聚合(he)物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為4倍，而且鋰(li)(li)(li)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)較豐富，價(jia)格也(ye)(ye)不(bu)很(hen)(hen)貴，是(shi)很(hen)(hen)有(you)希望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產業化開發(fa)方面均(jun)取得了快速(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)其(qi)他有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術，近年都有(you)巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步，如：交流(liu)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機及其(qi)控制，稀土永磁無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機及其(qi)控制，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)整車(che)能量(liang)(liang)(liang)管理系統，智能及快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術，低(di)阻(zu)力(li)(li)輪胎，輕量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)低(di)風阻(zu)車(che)身，制動(dong)能量(liang)(liang)(liang)回收等等，這些技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)日見完(wan)善(shan)和(he)(he)走向實用(yong)化。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)氣污(wu)染(ran)已(yi)不(bu)能忽視，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)排放是(shi)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)污(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)之一，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)有(you)10個(ge)城市被列入全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)大(da)氣污(wu)染(ran)最(zui)(zui)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)20個(ge)城市之中(zhong)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)現(xian)今人(ren)均(jun)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)是(shi)每1000人(ren)平(ping)均(jun)10輛(liang)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)，但石油資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)足，每年已(yi)進(jin)口(kou)幾千萬噸石油，隨著經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，假如中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)均(jun)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)持(chi)有(you)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)到現(xian)在全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)水(shui)平(ping)---每1000人(ren)有(you)110輛(liang)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)持(chi)有(you)量(liang)(liang)(liang)將成(cheng)10倍地增(zeng)加，石油進(jin)口(kou)就成(cheng)為大(da)問題。因(yin)此在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)研究發(fa)展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)不(bu)是(shi)一個(ge)臨時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短期(qi)措(cuo)施，而是(shi)意義重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、長遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略考慮。

經(jing)歷了長期發展，純電動(dong)汽車技術逐步成熟(shu)，并在(zai)美(mei)、日、歐等國家得(de)到商業化(hua)的推廣應用。目前世界上有(you)近4萬(wan)輛(liang)(liang)純電動(dong)汽車在(zai)運(yun)行，其中法國8000輛(liang)(liang)，美(mei)國7000輛(liang)(liang)，在(zai)日本7400輛(liang)(liang)。主(zhu)要用在(zai)公共(gong)運(yun)輸系統。

純電動汽車-核心技術

發展電動汽車必(bi)須解決好4個方(fang)面的關(guan)鍵技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)：電池(chi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電機驅動及其控制技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電動汽車整(zheng)車技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)以及能量管理技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。

1、電池技術

電(dian)池是電(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)動力源泉，也是一(yi)直制約電(dian)動汽車(che)發展(zhan)的(de)關鍵(jian)因素。電(dian)動汽車(che)用電(dian)池的(de)主要(yao)性能(neng)指(zhi)標是比能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(E)、能(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度(Ed)、比功(gong)率(lv)(P)、循(xun)環壽命(ming)(L)和成本(C)等。要(yao)使電(dian)動汽車(che)能(neng)與(yu)燃(ran)油汽車(che)相(xiang)競爭，關鍵(jian)就是要(yao)開發出(chu)比能(neng)量(liang)(liang)高、比功(gong)率(lv)大、使用壽命(ming)長(chang)的(de)高效(xiao)電(dian)池。

到(dao)目(mu)前為止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經過了(le)3代的(de)發展(zhan)，已取得了(le)突破(po)性的(de)進展(zhan)。第(di)1代是(shi)(shi)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，目(mu)前主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)閥控鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(VRLA)，由于其比(bi)(bi)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)較高、價(jia)格低(di)和(he)能(neng)高倍率(lv)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此是(shi)(shi)目(mu)前惟(wei)一能(neng)大(da)批量(liang)(liang)生產(chan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。第(di)2代是(shi)(shi)堿性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)鎳鎘(NJ-Cd)、鎳氫(Ni-MH)、鈉硫(Na/S)、鋰離(li)子(Li-ion)和(he)鋅空氣(Zn/Air)等(deng)多(duo)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其比(bi)(bi)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)和(he)比(bi)(bi)功率(lv)都比(bi)(bi)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)高，因(yin)此大(da)大(da)提高了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車的(de)動力性能(neng)和(he)續駛(shi)里程(cheng)，但其價(jia)格卻比(bi)(bi)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)高。第(di)3代是(shi)(shi)以(yi)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為主(zhu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直接將燃(ran)料(liao)的(de)化學能(neng)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，能(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉(zhuan)變(bian)效率(lv)高，比(bi)(bi)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)和(he)比(bi)(bi)功率(lv)都高，并且可以(yi)控制(zhi)反應過程(cheng)，能(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉(zhuan)化過程(cheng)可以(yi)連續進行(xing)，因(yin)此是(shi)(shi)理想的(de)汽車用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但目(mu)前還(huan)處于研制(zhi)階段，一些(xie)關鍵技術還(huan)有(you)待突破(po)問。

2、 電力驅動及其控制技術

電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機與驅動(dong)(dong)系統是電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的關鍵部(bu)件，要(yao)使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車有(you)良好(hao)的使用性能，驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機應(ying)具有(you)調速范(fan)圍寬(kuan)、轉速高(gao)、啟動(dong)(dong)轉矩(ju)大、體積小、質量小、效(xiao)率高(gao)且有(you)動(dong)(dong)態(tai)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)強(qiang)和能量回饋等特性。目前，電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車用電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機主要(yao)有(you)直流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(DCM)、感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(IM)、永磁無(wu)刷電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(PMBLM)和開(kai)關磁阻電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(SRM)4類。

近幾年來，由(you)(you)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)幾乎都采用(yong)矢量控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和直(zhi)接(jie)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。由(you)(you)于直(zhi)接(jie)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手段(duan)直(zhi)接(jie)、結構簡單、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)能(neng)優良和動(dong)(dong)態(tai)響應(ying)迅速，因此非(fei)常適合電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。美國以及歐洲研制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)多采用(yong)這種電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。永磁無刷電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)以分為由(you)(you)方波驅動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)無刷直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)系(xi)(xi)統(BLDCM)和由(you)(you)正(zheng)弦波驅動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)無刷直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)系(xi)(xi)統(PMSM)，它們都具(ju)有(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率密度，其控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)與感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)基本相同，因此在電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)上(shang)得(de)到了廣泛的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)。PMSM類電(dian)機(ji)(ji)具(ju)有(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量密度和效率，其體積小(xiao)、慣性(xing)低、響應(ying)快，非(fei)常適應(ying)于電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統，有(you)(you)極好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)前(qian)(qian)景。目前(qian)(qian)，由(you)(you)日本研制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)主(zhu)要(yao)采用(yong)這種電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

開關磁阻(zu)電動(dong)機(SRM)具(ju)有簡單可靠(kao)、可在較(jiao)寬轉速和(he)轉矩范圍內高效運(yun)行、控制靈活、可四象限運(yun)行、響(xiang)應速度(du)快(kuai)和(he)成本較(jiao)低(di)等(deng)優點。實際應用發現SRM存在轉矩波動(dong)大、噪聲大、需要位置檢測器等(deng)缺點，應用受到了限制。

隨著電動(dong)機及驅動(dong)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)發展(zhan)，控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)趨于智(zhi)能(neng)化(hua)和數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)。變結構控制(zhi)、模糊(hu)控制(zhi)、神經網絡、自適應控制(zhi)、專家控制(zhi)、遺傳算法(fa)等非(fei)線性智(zhi)能(neng)控制(zhi)技術，都將各(ge)自或結合(he)應用于電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)電動(dong)機控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)。

3、 電動汽車整車技術

電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)科技(ji)綜合(he)性產品，除電(dian)池、電(dian)動(dong)機外，車體本身也(ye)包含很(hen)多高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)新技(ji)術，有些節(jie)能措施比提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)池儲能能力(li)還易于實現(xian)。采用輕(qing)質材(cai)料(liao)如鎂、鋁、優質鋼(gang)材(cai)及(ji)復合(he)材(cai)料(liao)，優化結構(gou)，可(ke)使汽(qi)車自身質量減(jian)輕(qing)30%-50%；實現(xian)制動(dong)、下坡和怠(dai)速時的(de)能量回(hui)收；采用高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)彈(dan)滯材(cai)料(liao)制成的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)氣壓子午(wu)線輪胎，可(ke)使汽(qi)車的(de)滾動(dong)阻(zu)力(li)減(jian)少50%；汽(qi)車車身特別是(shi)汽(qi)車底(di)部更(geng)加(jia)流(liu)線型化，可(ke)使汽(qi)車的(de)空氣阻(zu)力(li)減(jian)少50%。

4、 能量管理技術

蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的儲能(neng)動力源。電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)要(yao)獲得非常好(hao)的動力特性，必須具(ju)有比(bi)能(neng)量(liang)高(gao)、使用壽(shou)命長、比(bi)功率大的蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)作為(wei)動力源。而(er)要(yao)使電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)具(ju)有良(liang)好(hao)的工作性能(neng)，就必須對蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行系(xi)統管(guan)理。

能(neng)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)系統(tong)是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)的(de)(de)智能(neng)核心。一輛設計優良的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)，除了有(you)良好的(de)(de)機械性(xing)能(neng)、電(dian)(dian)驅動(dong)性(xing)能(neng)、選(xuan)擇適當的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)源(即電(dian)(dian)池(chi))外，還應(ying)該有(you)一套(tao)協調各(ge)個(ge)功能(neng)部分工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)系統(tong)，它的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是檢測單個(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)或電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)(de)荷電(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)，并根據各(ge)種傳感(gan)信息，包(bao)括力、加減(jian)速命(ming)令(ling)、行駛路(lu)況、蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)工(gong)況、環境溫度(du)等，合理(li)(li)地調配和使用(yong)有(you)限的(de)(de)車(che)載能(neng)量(liang)(liang)；它還能(neng)夠根據電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)(de)使用(yong)情(qing)況和充放電(dian)(dian)歷史選(xuan)擇最佳充電(dian)(dian)方式，以盡可能(neng)延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)壽命(ming)。

世界各大汽(qi)(qi)車制造商的(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)機構都在進行(xing)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車車載(zai)電(dian)池能量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理系(xi)(xi)統的(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)與(yu)開發。電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車電(dian)池當(dang)前存(cun)有多少(shao)電(dian)能，還能行(xing)駛多少(shao)公(gong)里(li)，是電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車行(xing)駛中(zhong)必須知道的(de)重要參數，也是電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車能量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理系(xi)(xi)統應該完成的(de)重要功能。應用電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車車載(zai)能量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理系(xi)(xi)統，可(ke)以更加準確地設計電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)電(dian)能儲(chu)存(cun)系(xi)(xi)統，確定一個最(zui)佳的(de)能量(liang)存(cun)儲(chu)及管(guan)(guan)理結構，并且可(ke)以提(ti)高電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車本身的(de)性能。

在電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車上實現能(neng)量(liang)管理的(de)難點，在于如何根據所采集的(de)每塊電(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓、溫度和充放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)歷史數(shu)據，來建立(li)一個確(que)定每塊電(dian)(dian)池還剩余(yu)多少能(neng)量(liang)的(de)較精確(que)的(de)數(shu)學模型。

純電動汽車-研發歷史

一百多年來(lai)，電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)在汽(qi)車(che)發展史中經歷了三次重大機遇：

第一次發生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)一百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)前。由于當(dang)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)池和(he)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)發展較內燃(ran)機(ji)成熟，而(er)且石(shi)油的(de)運用還沒有(you)普(pu)及，使電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)早期的(de)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)領域中占有(you)舉足輕重的(de)位置。第一輛電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)（3輪）由法(fa)國(guo)人古斯(si)塔(ta)夫?土維（Gustave Trouve）在(zai)(zai)1881年(nian)(nian)制造出(chu)來，此(ci)后(hou)三四十(shi)年(nian)(nian)間，電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)當(dang)時(shi)的(de)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)發展中占據著重要(yao)位置。例(li)如，世界上首輛車(che)(che)(che)(che)速超過100公里(li)／小時(shi)的(de)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)就是電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)。那(nei)是在(zai)(zai)1899年(nian)(nian)，由比利(li)時(shi)工程師卡(ka)米(mi)樂(le)?熱納茨（Camille Jenatzy）設計(ji)的(de)名(ming)為(wei)(wei)“從不(bu)滿意”（La Jamais Contente）的(de)鋁制車(che)(che)(che)(che)身汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)，現在(zai)(zai)保存(cun)在(zai)(zai)法(fa)國(guo)貢批尼（Compiegne）博物館中。據統計(ji)，到(dao)1890年(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)全世界4200輛汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)中，有(you)38％為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)，40％為(wei)(wei)蒸汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)，22％為(wei)(wei)內燃(ran)機(ji)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)。到(dao)了(le)(le)1911年(nian)(nian)，就已經有(you)電(dian)(dian)動出(chu)租汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)巴黎和(he)倫敦(dun)的(de)街頭上運營，到(dao)了(le)(le)1912年(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)美(mei)國(guo)更有(you)至少3.4萬輛電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)運行。

第(di)二次(ci)是在70年(nian)代(dai)(dai)石(shi)油危機的(de)(de)爆發時.由于石(shi)油的(de)(de)大量開采和內燃機的(de)(de)種種優越(yue)性，電(dian)動汽車漸漸被(bei)人們(men)忽視。直到上(shang)世紀70年(nian)代(dai)(dai)石(shi)油危機的(de)(de)爆發，給(gei)世界各國政(zheng)(zheng)界一次(ci)不小(xiao)的(de)(de)打(da)擊，開始(shi)考慮替代(dai)(dai)石(shi)油的(de)(de)其他能(neng)(neng)源，包括風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、電(dian)能(neng)(neng)等可再生能(neng)(neng)源。因此從政(zheng)(zheng)治經濟方面考慮，才又(you)給(gei)了(le)電(dian)動汽車第(di)二次(ci)機遇，又(you)一次(ci)被(bei)人矚目(mu)。

第三次機遇開始于若干年前，世界上除了已存在的能源問題之外，環境保護問題也逐漸成為了各個方面所關心重大課題，內燃機汽車的排放污染，給全球的環境以災難性的影響，因此開發生產零污染交通工具成為各國所追求的目標，電動汽車的無（低）污染優點，使其成為當代汽車發展的主要方向。