【稻種催(cui)(cui)芽】水(shui)稻種子浸種催(cui)(cui)芽技術要點(dian) 水(shui)稻種子催(cui)(cui)芽注意事項

水(shui)稻種子浸種催芽技術(shu)要(yao)點(dian)

水稻種子浸種前需曬種2—3天，以利提高種子的發芽勢(shi)和發芽率。但不宜在水(shui)泥地、石板上曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)首(shou)先要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子消毒處(chu)理(li)，再進(jin)行(xing)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。水(shui)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提倡流水(shui)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法，如確實(shi)需(xu)靜水(shui)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，則每天最少要(yao)淋(lin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或換水(shui)二次(ci)以(yi)上。一(yi)般早(zao)稻(dao)需(xu)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)48小時(shi)以(yi)上，中、晚稻(dao)需(xu)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)36小時(shi)以(yi)上。

浸(jin)種后(hou)催芽，主(zhu)要掌握高溫(wen)(35℃—38℃)破胸露(lu)白，適溫(wen) (25℃—30℃)長芽，低溫(wen)(正常(chang)氣溫(wen))晾芽練芽。以淋溫(wen)水(shui)和覆蓋密(mi)閉的(de)辦法調節谷種溫(wen)度和水(shui)分，以翻堆的(de)辦法促使(shi)谷堆內外、上(shang)下(xia)，溫(wen)度、濕度均(jun)勻，使(shi)芽、根(gen)長勢一致。催芽標準為(wei)芽長半粒(li)(li)谷、根(gen)長一粒(li)(li)谷。

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1、曬種

常規稻種(zhong)(zhong)浸種(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)一周選晴天(tian)將種(zhong)(zhong)子曬6～8小時，然后將曬好的種子放在干燥、陰涼的地方涼透心,以促進種子的呼吸作(zuo)用和酶的活性，有利(li)于提高種(zhong)(zhong)子發(fa)芽(ya)率和發(fa)芽(ya)勢；曬(shai)(shai)(shai)種(zhong)(zhong)也可(ke)殺(sha)死部(bu)分附著(zhu)在稻殼上的病菌。但雜(za)交稻種(zhong)(zhong)浸種(zhong)(zhong)前不(bu)要(yao)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)種(zhong)(zhong),曬(shai)(shai)(shai)種(zhong)(zhong)后接著(zhu)浸種(zhong)(zhong)，發(fa)芽(ya)率一般要(yao)降(jiang)低(di)5%至10%，對于那些生活力(li)弱的種(zhong)(zhong)子，曬(shai)(shai)(shai)種(zhong)(zhong)的負(fu)面(mian)影響更大。

2、選種

要求(qiu)用清水選(xuan)(xuan)種，把浮(fu)在(zai)表層的(de)秕谷撈(lao)出(chu)(chu)，選(xuan)(xuan)用飽滿的(de)稻種，以培育出(chu)(chu)整齊健壯(zhuang)秧苗。

3、提倡活水浸種

浸(jin)種時間不易過長(chang)，最好采(cai)用“日(ri)浸(jin)(jin)夜露”的方(fang)法(fa)，即白天浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)、夜晚撈(lao)出(chu)攤(tan)開，浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)時(shi)最好將(jiang)種(zhong)子放(fang)入流動清水(shui)中先浸(jin)(jin)6小時(shi)（無流動清水(shui)的要每(mei)隔4－6小時(shi)左(zuo)右換水(shui)一次），要淘(tao)汰舊(jiu)(老)的直接浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)48小時(shi)方(fang)法(fa)。

采用間歇浸種(zhong)方法：常(chang)規早稻(dao)浸種(zhong)最佳時間33—35小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，超過48小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)不(bu)利于(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發芽(ya)勢和發芽(ya)率。（具體浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)視氣溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)而(er)定(ding)，以種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)足水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)份(fen)為(wei)準----谷(gu)殼(ke)透明，米(mi)粒腹(fu)白可見，剝去穎殼(ke)米(mi)粒易折(zhe)斷(duan)而(er)無響聲，用(yong)手能碾碎時(shi)(shi)，表明種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)已吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi) 足水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分）。雜交(jiao)早(zao)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)宜采(cai)用(yong)多起多落，間(jian)(jian)歇浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法，忌長(chang)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)連續浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過程就是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過程，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)酶(mei)的(de)活性(xing)開(kai)始上升(sheng)，在酶(mei)活性(xing)作用(yong)下胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)乳(ru)淀粉逐步溶解成糖，釋(shi)放出供胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)根、胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)芽(ya)和胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)軸所需要的(de)養分。當稻(dao)(dao)(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)達(da)(da)到谷(gu)重24%時(shi)(shi)，胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)就開(kai)始萌動，稱這為(wei)破胸或露白。當種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量達(da)(da)到谷(gu)重40%時(shi)(shi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)才(cai)能正(zheng)常發芽(ya)，這時(shi)(shi)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量為(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)飽(bao)和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量。達(da)(da)到這一吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)，一方面受(shou)(shou)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)影響，在一定(ding)溫(wen)度范圍內，溫(wen)度越高(gao)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)越快，達(da)(da)到飽(bao)和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)越短。另(ling)一方面受(shou)(shou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和組合類型(xing)影響。由于(yu)(yu)雜交(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)酶(mei)的(de)活性(xing)較強，故雜交(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)要比常規(gui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)要短。

4、提倡藥劑浸種

建議采(cai)用(yong)藥劑浸種，包衣種子(zi)除(chu)外。清水(shui)浸種6小時后(hou)，使附在種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)上的病菌孢(bao)子(zi)(zi)萌動,再進(jin)行藥(yao)劑(ji)殺菌。目前常(chang)用的藥(yao)劑(ji)有25%咪鮮胺2000-3000倍液（即2ml兌水(shui)5公斤，浸種(zhong)4-5公斤）浸種(zhong)6小時。或用500倍強(qiang)氯精（2克強(qiang)氯精兌1公斤水(shui)）浸種(zhong)6-8小時后(hou)，消毒(du)藥(yao)液應高出種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)表(biao)面一寸（消毒(du)期間不換水(shui)），然后(hou)把(ba)稻(dao)種(zhong)用清水(shui)反復沖洗(xi)，把(ba)殘留(liu)藥(yao)液沖洗(xi)干凈。

5、催芽

目前還有不少農民喜(xi)歡將(jiang)種(zhong)子(zi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)編(bian)織(zhi)袋(dai)中(zhong)催芽，甚至因為溫(wen)度(du)上不來，將(jiang)種(zhong)子(zi)放在(zai)太陽下暴(bao)曬(shai)，往往造成(cheng)燒芽。最好(hao)最簡易的方法是用(yong)雙層(ceng)、無病(bing)、濕潤麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)催芽，在(zai)地(di)(di)面(mian)墊一(yi)層(ceng)無病(bing)稻草，將(jiang)一(yi)條麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)鋪好(hao)，把種(zhong)子(zi)均勻地(di)(di)鋪在(zai)上面(mian)，再將(jiang)另一(yi)條麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)蓋(gai)在(zai)上面(mian)，中(zhong)途只少許注意是否添加(jia)水(shui)分即(ji)可。也可裝(zhuang)(zhuang)入麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)或比較通氣的編(bian)織(zhi)袋(dai)，四(si)周可用(yong)稻草封好(hao)保溫(wen)。谷(gu)種(zhong)升溫(wen)后，控制溫(wen)度(du)在(zai)35～38℃，溫(wen)度過(guo)高要翻堆(dui)，過(guo)低則要采(cai)取措施(shi)提高種堆(dui)溫(wen)度。經20小時(shi)左右，谷種即可(ke)露白破胸。5月中下(xia)旬氣(qi)溫(wen)正常，則采(cai)用日(ri)浸(jin)夜(ye)露方法，無需加保(bao)溫(wen)材(cai)料(liao)，均可(ke)正常發(fa)芽。

6、煉芽

在播種前要把催好芽(ya)的谷種攤(tan)開在常溫(wen)下煉芽(ya)3～6小時后(hou)播種。使(shi)谷種適應空氣溫度，提高成苗(miao)率。

7、適時播種

谷種(zhong)露白后調溫到25～30℃，適溫催芽促根，待芽長半粒谷、根長1粒谷時即可播種下田，機插拋栽育秧芽長要適當短些。

水稻種子催芽注意事項

1、 催芽時每天(tian)要翻動(dong)1-2次，使種(zhong)子上下內外溫(wen)度(du)均(jun)勻一致，達到發芽整齊。

2、 催芽時(shi)一定要注意溫度變化，防治高溫燒種，超過40℃種(zhong)子(zi)失去(qu)發(fa)芽能(neng)力。

3、 當種子85%破(po)胸，使溫度降至25℃，芽、根長控制在2毫米以內，攤開晾(liang)種。

4、 破(po)胸后，適當補水，注意(yi)通氣增(zeng)氧，即(ji)可催出茁壯的好芽(ya)。

5、 根據各自的生產計劃，適時(shi)分批催芽(ya)、播種，把秧齡(ling)控制(zhi)在3.5葉齡，防止(zhi)前期(qi)插小苗，后(hou)期(qi)插大(da)苗。