蓄電池的分類

鉛酸蓄電池

常用(yong)的(de)車用(yong)蓄(xu)電池主要分為(wei)三類(lei)：普通蓄(xu)電池、干荷蓄(xu)電池和免維護(hu)蓄(xu)電池。

1、普通蓄電池

普通蓄電池的極板是由鉛和鉛的氧化物構成，電解液是(shi)硫(liu)酸的(de)水溶液。它(ta)的(de)主(zhu)要優點是(shi)電壓穩定、價格(ge)便宜；缺(que)點是(shi)比能(neng)低 ( 即每公斤蓄電池存(cun)儲的(de)電能(neng) ) 、使用壽命短和日常(chang)維護(hu)頻繁。

2、干荷蓄電池

它的(de)(de)全稱是干式(shi)荷電(dian)(dian)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池，它的(de)(de)主要特點是負極板有較高的(de)(de)儲電(dian)(dian)能力，在完全干燥(zao)狀(zhuang)態下(xia)，能在兩(liang)年內(nei)保存(cun)所得到的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量，使用(yong)時，只需(xu)加入電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)，等過 20 — 30 分(fen)鐘就可(ke)使用(yong)。

3、免維(wei)護蓄電池

免(mian)維(wei)護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)由于自身(shen)(shen)結構上的(de)(de)優(you)勢，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)(de)消耗量非常小，在(zai)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命內(nei)基本不需要補充(chong)蒸餾水。它(ta)還(huan)具有(you)耐震、耐高(gao)溫(wen)、體積(ji)小、自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)小的(de)(de)特點。使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命一般為普通蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)兩倍。市場上的(de)(de)免(mian)維(wei)護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也(ye)有(you)兩種：第一種在(zai)購買時一次性加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液以后使用(yong)(yong)中不需要維(wei)護( 添加(jia)補充(chong)液 ) ；另一種是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)本身(shen)(shen)出廠時就(jiu)已經(jing)加(jia)好電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液并封死，用(yong)(yong)戶根本就(jiu)不能加(jia)補充(chong)液。

UPS蓄電池

UPS 稱(cheng)為(wei)不間斷(duan)電(dian)源，是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)停電(dian)的時候，它能快速轉(zhuan)換到"逆變"狀態，從而(er)不會(hui)讓在(zai)使(shi)用中(zhong)的電(dian)腦(nao)因(yin)為(wei)突然(ran)停電(dian)未來(lai)(lai)得及(ji)存(cun)儲而(er)失(shi)去(qu)重要文件。 不是(shi)(shi)用來(lai)(lai)當備用電(dian)源用的，如果(guo)你只是(shi)(shi)想在(zai)停電(dian)的時候可以(yi)用電(dian)，光買逆變器(qi)就夠了(le)。 一般家(jia)用UPS里用的大多(duo)是(shi)(shi)，免維(wei)護型鉛酸蓄電(dian)池。

磷酸鐵鋰蓄電池

磷酸(suan)鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)鋰(li)(li)(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)家族中最安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)高比能(neng)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。磷酸(suan)鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓非(fei)常平穩，一(yi)般為3.2 V，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期（主要指(zhi)剩(sheng)余(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)10%容量(liang)）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)化(hua)較快，截止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一(yi)般為2.5 V。環境(jing)溫(wen)度特別是(shi)低溫(wen)會(hui)對磷酸(suan)鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)產(chan)生影響(xiang)：-20℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)是(shi)常溫(wen)容量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)45%，-10℃是(shi)常溫(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)65%，-5℃是(shi)常溫(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)80%，0℃是(shi)常溫(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)90%，0℃～20℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)變(bian)化(hua)非(fei)常小。磷酸(suan)鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低溫(wen)性能(neng)優于鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。

超級蓄電池

”超(chao)級(ji)蓄電池——發動(dong)機啟動(dong)電源”是一種(zhong)當內(nei)(nei)燃機配用的傳統蓄電池失效而無法實(shi)施啟動(dong)時，能(neng)通(tong)過快速儲能(neng)后向內(nei)(nei)燃機提供啟動(dong)電源的裝置。

傳統蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原理及缺(que)陷(xian)：2013年以內燃(ran)機(ji)為(wei)動(dong)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備主要采用(yong)傳統蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)作(zuo)為(wei)啟動(dong)電(dian)源，由(you)于傳統蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)受使用(yong)壽命(ming)、存放(fang)時(shi)間、環境溫度等因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)，會導致儲(chu)量(liang)降低或內阻過大(da)而失效，從而無(wu)(wu)法實施啟動(dong)。同(tong)時(shi)，由(you)于這(zhe)些因素難(nan)以預測和(he)控制(zhi)，內燃(ran)機(ji)無(wu)(wu)法啟動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況隨(sui)時(shi)可(ke)能(neng)發生(sheng)而令人(ren)束(shu)手無(wu)(wu)策，特別是(shi)當用(yong)于消防、救災、軍事、通訊等用(yong)途的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)備或體積龐(pang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)機(ji)械遇到這(zhe)種情(qing)況時(shi)，可(ke)能(neng)會造成極為(wei)嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)后果。

傳統(tong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)環境溫度每(mei)降低(di)10℃內(nei)阻約增大(da)15%，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的內(nei)阻超過正常值25%，該(gai)容(rong)量已(yi)降低(di)到其(qi)(qi)標稱(cheng)容(rong)量的80%左右，如果蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)阻超過正常值的50%，該(gai)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量已(yi)降低(di)到其(qi)(qi)標稱(cheng)容(rong)量的80%以下。若有新型的蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與傳統(tong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)設計為并聯配置的話，就可以瞬時釋放大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，從而解(jie)決因(yin)低(di)溫啟動(dong)設備困難問(wen)題，同時大(da)大(da)延(yan)長(chang)傳統(tong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的使用壽命。

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