胡(hu)旦(dan)(955-1034年),渤海(今山(shan)東(dong)惠民)人,字周父,喜讀書,宋太宗(zong)大平興國三年(978)戊寅科狀元。
胡旦少有才(cai)學,善于文辭。呂(lv)狀元后,為(wei)將作監丞,通(tong)判升州,遷左拾遺(yi),入值(zhi)史館。因上《河平頌(song)》,議論(lun)時(shi)政(zheng),忤怒太(tai)宗(zong),貶為(wei)殿中丞。后來,胡旦又上《平燕議》,建議出兵收復(fu)燕云十六州,受(shou)太(tai)宗(zong)賞識,起為(wei)左補(bu)闕,復(fu)值(zhi)史館,遷修撰(zhuan),以尚書戶部員(yuan)外(wai)郎身份知制(zhi)誥。
胡(hu)旦家境貧困,死去無錢安葬(zang),只(zhi)得(de)停(ting)棺房內,胡(hu)旦生前一好友上(shang)報(bao)朝(chao)廷,朝(chao)廷遂賜錢二十(shi)萬,使胡(hu)旦入土(tu)為安。
宋(song)太宗元(yuan)年(nian)(nian),有(you)一(yi)(yi)書(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)到山東某(mou)縣(xian)游覽。知(zhi)縣(xian)大(da)人得(de)知(zhi)該書(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)頗(po)有(you)文(wen)采,便(bian)設宴(yan)款待。知(zhi)縣(xian)的公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)很(hen)蔑視那(nei)書(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),問其有(you)何(he)特長(chang),書(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)說(shuo)工詩。公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)便(bian)讓他(ta)誦讀(du)一(yi)(yi)首,書(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)誦了一(yi)(yi)首,最后一(yi)(yi)句是:“挑盡寒燈(deng)夢(meng)不(bu)成(cheng)。”公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)(yi)聽(ting),大(da)笑(xiao)說(shuo):“此乃(nai)一(yi)(yi)瞌(ke)睡漢。”書(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)十分氣憤。這(zhe)書(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)便(bian)是呂(lv)蒙正(zheng),第二年(nian)(nian),呂(lv)蒙正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)舉奪魁。他(ta)寫信(xin)給那(nei)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi):“瞌(ke)睡漢如(ru)(ru)今(jin)中了狀元(yuan)啦。”公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)看了他(ta)的信(xin),冷(leng)笑(xiao)一(yi)(yi)聲:“待我明年(nian)(nian)第二人及第,輸你一(yi)(yi)籌。”第二年(nian)(nian),新(xin)科狀元(yuan)正(zheng)是這(zhe)位公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)——胡旦。綜觀科舉史,有(you)如(ru)(ru)此自(zi)信(xin)者,胡旦當屬第一(yi)(yi)。
真宗時(shi)拜(bai)吏部侍郎,后以(yi)病請辭,遵旨薦(jian)寇準以(yi)代己職。
胡(hu)量喜讀書(shu),失(shi)明后(hou),仍令(ling)人(ren)(ren)朗(lang)讀經史。晚年(nian)臧(zang)否(fou)人(ren)(ren)物,議論時(shi)政之病(bing)人(ren)(ren)依舊,被時(shi)論所鄙薄。胡(hu)旦(dan)學識淵博(bo),著述甚三,有《漢春秋(qiu)》、《五代(dai)史略》、《將帥要略》、《演圣通(tong)訟(song)》、《唐乘》、《家(jia)傳(chuan)》三百(bai)余卷(juan)傳(chuan)世。曾制一大(da)硯,方五六尺,上刻“胡(hu)旦(dan)修漢春秋(qiu)硯”字樣埋入地下(xia),以傳(chuan)后(hou)世。
《義門記》
易(yi)曰(yue):立(li)天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),曰(yue)陰(yin)與陽;立(li)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),曰(yue)柔與剛(gang);立(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),曰(yue)仁(ren)與義(yi)。陰(yin)陽運(yun)化,天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全功(gong)也(ye)(ye);剛(gang)柔成(cheng)形,地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全德(de)也(ye)(ye);仁(ren)義(yi)厲教,人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全行也(ye)(ye)。故古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圣王,則(ze)(ze)(ze)乎天,法乎地(di),理乎人(ren)(ren)(ren)。堯舜(shun)帥(shuai)天下以(yi)(yi)仁(ren),湯武帥(shuai)天下以(yi)(yi)義(yi)。義(yi)也(ye)(ye)者(zhe),仁(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基、行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本也(ye)(ye)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)敦九(jiu)族、協萬邦(bang)、厚(hou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)倫、美風俗者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。周德(de)方盛(sheng),文(wen)王化行,關雎樂而(er)不淫,螽(zhong)斯(si)仁(ren)而(er)不姤,子(zi)孫眾多(duo),流于(yu)歌詠。其詩曰(yue):“螽(zhong)斯(si)羽詵(shen)詵(shen)兮,宜爾(er)子(zi)孫振振兮。”內崇(chong)親(qin)戚,外樹(shu)聲教。聲教所(suo)被,由家(jia)而(er)國(guo)。其詩曰(yue):“刑于(yu)寡妻,至(zhi)于(yu)兄弟,以(yi)(yi)御于(yu)家(jia)邦(bang)。”然(ran)戰國(guo)亡親(qin),秦(qin)廢(fei)諸子(zi),漢滅(mie)親(qin)王,魏則(ze)(ze)(ze)聚鄴以(yi)(yi)終亡,晉則(ze)(ze)(ze)分(fen)藩以(yi)(yi)篡(cuan)弒,迨夫(fu)隋唐失綱,皆無足尚我太宗圣德(de)隆(long)盛(sheng),人(ren)(ren)(ren)民親(qin)睦。
匡盧崔巍,號為(wei)(wei)南障(zhang)。山高(gao)水澄,秀甲他郡。鐘英陳(chen)氏,代生(sheng)偉(wei)人,累世同居,歷(li)朝(chao)旌表。孝弟(di)藹于家門,義(yi)聲彰于邦(bang)國。按(an)其宗(zong)譜:自(zi)漢(han)太(tai)邱實公(gong)歷(li)晉太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)洗馬(ma);逵公(gong)十(shi)四世為(wei)(wei)宜(yi)都(dou)王(wang)叔明(ming);叔明(ming)五世孫(sun)兼(jian)舉唐(tang)玄宗(zong)朝(chao)進士,為(wei)(wei)右補闕,贈秘書少監;兼(jian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)京(jing)進士及第(di),官至(zhi)給事中(zhong),集賢院(yuan)學(xue)士,乏(fa)裔,子(zi)(zi)(zi)以從子(zi)(zi)(zi)褒為(wei)(wei)嗣,仕鹽官;褒子(zi)(zi)(zi)灌,為(wei)(wei)高(gao)安縣(xian)尉;灌子(zi)(zi)(zi)瓖(xiang),避(bi)難于泉(quan)州;生(sheng)伯宣,隱居盧山,注(zhu)司馬(ma)遷(qian)史記行于世,屢徵不出,就拜左侍(shi)郎;其孫(sun)旺,從徙居德安縣(xian)太(tai)平鄉長樂里;旺生(sheng)機,機生(sheng)感(gan),感(gan)生(sheng)蘭,蘭生(sheng)青。青生(sheng)六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(注(zhu):伉、侍(shi)、仲、俛(mian)、偉(wei)、伸(shen)),六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)十(shi)九(注(zhu):伉五子(zi)(zi)(zi),侍(shi)無子(zi)(zi)(zi),仲三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi),俛(mian)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi),偉(wei)五子(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)),十(shi)九生(sheng)三(san)十(shi)(注(zhu):伉五子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)十(shi)一子(zi)(zi)(zi),仲三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi),俛(mian)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)五子(zi)(zi)(zi),偉(wei)五子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)八子(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi),凡三(san)十(shi)六(liu)?),自(zi)是家益昌,族益盛矣。
仲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子崇,乃立家(jia)法垂(chui)示將來。故自序(xu)云:我家(jia)襲秘監之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)累功,承(cheng)著作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺(yi)訓,代(dai)傳孝弟,業繼典墳。由是(shi)子孫益多(duo),上下和睦。然云礽既遠愚不(bu)(bu)同,茍無(wu)敦睦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方,慮乖孝友之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訓。今繩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)規(gui)矩,則(ze)序(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)尊卑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)。推功任能,懲(cheng)惡勸善,下令子孫世守家(jia)規(gui),永敦和睦。于是(shi)立主事以(yi)專家(jia)政,置庫(ku)司(si)以(yi)掌家(jia)財,立莊長(chang)以(yi)督租賦,勘司(si)以(yi)序(xu)男女,家(jia)塾(shu)以(yi)教(jiao)童(tong)稚,道院以(yi)業焚修,巫祝以(yi)備禱(dao)祈(qi),醫(yi)師(shi)以(yi)供藥(yao)石,匠(jiang)作以(yi)資器用(yong),辟(pi)書院以(yi)待學者,構廨宇以(yi)奉(feng)公(gong)門,其(qi)余酒(jiu)漿鹽米之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儲、衣(yi)履笄箱(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)、三時飲食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節、四時晏會(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)期、長(chang)幼出入(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儀、晨昏定省之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禮、婚姻吊(diao)喪、送(song)往迎來、凡諸纖悉莫不(bu)(bu)周詳。然而贓(zang)獲(huo)不(bu)(bu)入(ru)其(qi)門,鷹犬不(bu)(bu)為其(qi)玩,天文圖識之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學弗(fu)精,縱橫詭譎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀(mou)弗(fu)尚(shang),商賈營(ying)販之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利弗(fu)習(xi),娼(chang)優賭博之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒弗(fu)近,室無(wu)私財,廚無(wu)別饌,子弟知(zhi)教(jiao),內外如(ru)一。于時,崇為江州長(chang)史,檢校散騎常侍,兼御史大(da)夫,賜紫金魚袋。
簡注:
宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)法之(zhi)行(xing),始于(yu)唐昭宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)大(da)順元(yuan)年(nian)庚戍(注:即(ji)(ji)公(gong)元(yuan)890年(nian))也(ye),至袞為(wei)(wei)江(jiang)(jiang)州參(can)軍,試太(tai)(tai)常(chang)(chang)寺(si)丞,奉(feng)禮部郎(lang),直至南唐李(li)昪(bian)(bian)(bian)旌表(biao)孝(xiao)弟,標揭(jie)門(men)(men)閭。于(yu)是陳(chen)(chen)氏特立(li)(li)(li)(li)義門(men)(men),義門(men)(men)之(zhi)立(li)(li)(li)(li),始于(yu)李(li)昪(bian)(bian)(bian)丁酉(注:即(ji)(ji)公(gong)元(yuan)937年(nian))也(ye)。昪(bian)(bian)(bian)卒煜立(li)(li)(li)(li)(注:昪(bian)(bian)(bian)卒璟(jing)立(li)(li)(li)(li),璟(jing)故煜立(li)(li)(li)(li)。),又蠲(juan)(juan)其(qi)沿徵科役。開寶末(注:宋(song)太(tai)(tai)祖(zu)趙匡胤年(nian)號,即(ji)(ji)公(gong)元(yuan)975年(nian)),太(tai)(tai)平興(xing)國七年(nian)(注:即(ji)(ji)公(gong)元(yuan)982),右補(bu)闕直史館(guan)張齊(qi)賢為(wei)(wei)轉運使,奏(zou)言“陳(chen)(chen)氏屢世(shi)義門(men)(men),全(quan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)孝(xiao)行(xing),在煜時尚蒙(meng)蠲(juan)(juan)恤,于(yu)圣朝豈令(ling)徵收?宜免本(ben)戶沿徵雜派,庶(shu)彰大(da)化(hua)。”上可其(qi)奏(zou)。淳化(hua)初,殿中丞相唐戩理(li)江(jiang)(jiang)州事,又奏(zou)“陳(chen)(chen)氏一宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)骨肉千(qian)口,近年(nian)乏(fa)食,饑(ji)貧難濟,請(qing)每春貸粟二(er)千(qian)石以(yi)贍之(zhi),(俟豐年(nian)還官)”。(詔可)。至道中(注:宋(song)太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)趙光(guang)義年(nian)號,即(ji)(ji)公(gong)元(yuan)995-997年(nian)),太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)遣內侍裴愈赍(ji)御書散三(san)吳名山寺(si)觀,德義之(zhi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)皆賜一本(ben),陳(chen)(chen)氏所得凡三(san)十(shi)三(san)卷(juan),藏于(yu)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。愈復上《陳(chen)(chen)氏家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)法》二(er)篇(pian),太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)曰(yue):“天(tian)(tian)下有此人家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),真良家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)也(ye)!”敕愈送(song)史館(guan)繕(shan)寫,賜王公(gong)各(ge)一本(ben),使知義門(men)(men)傳家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)之(zhi)法。愈遂言:陳(chen)(chen)氏每歲(sui)租米四(si)千(qian)斛(hu),距江(jiang)(jiang)州二(er)百余里,舟車不通,常(chang)(chang)告二(er)千(qian)斛(hu)腳(jiao)值。若就德安倉輸納,以(yi)充軍馬驛料,則天(tian)(tian)恩加(jia)惠義門(men)(men)者厚(hou)矣。太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)許(xu)之(zhi)。
袞立(li)義門坊;昉主家三十(shi)五年;崇為長(chang)吏;勛為蒲(pu)圻令;玫為德(de)化令;禮為吉安令;袞為司戶(hu)參軍(jun);昉為太仆(pu)少卿;恭為洪都掌(zhang)書院;密知(zhi)武陽(yang)事;皆為衣冠之俊者也。秩為都知(zhi)兵馬使;讓為衙前(qian)兵馬使;繆、渥、藹為節度(du)押衙使;郜為蒙義軍(jun)都頭使;輝(hui)為討(tao)擘副使;涼(liang)為教練使;皆為官職(zhi)之選者也。若(ruo)昭、若(ruo)昱、若(ruo)琛、若(ruo)傳(chuan)、若(ruo)遜、若(ruo)儼、若(ruo)度(du)、若(ruo)漸、若(ruo)永、若(ruo)續、延(yan)年并登進士第(di);而(er)喬省象誥(gao)策碧(bi)岳位諗延(yan)芝俱擅詞場(chang),皆為文學之英才也。斯(si)乃(nai)五世而(er)昌,八世而(er)大,非獨田完之興(xing)齊,實乃(nai)陳(chen)氏之永世也。
夫天地一(yi)氣(qi)也,萬民(min)一(yi)姓也,政教一(yi)體也。若(ruo)(ruo)清(qing)若(ruo)(ruo)濁者(zhe)(zhe),為(wei)(wei)善(shan)為(wei)(wei)惡者(zhe)(zhe),好仁好義(yi)者(zhe)(zhe),固有(you)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。余觀陳氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)宗(zong),清(qing)而(er)(er)純,善(shan)而(er)(er)和,義(yi)而(er)(er)正;才者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)矜(jin),技者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)炫,清(qing)純者(zhe)(zhe)也;富而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)驕(jiao),貧而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)怨,善(shan)和者(zhe)(zhe)也;有(you)勇不(bu)(bu)犯,有(you)剛不(bu)(bu)折,義(yi)正者(zhe)(zhe)也。吾以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)士大夫之(zhi)(zhi)族,未有(you)若(ruo)(ruo)陳宗(zong)者(zhe)(zhe)也。謂其敦堯(yao)舜之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),循湯武之(zhi)(zhi)法,受(shou)文王之(zhi)(zhi)化(hua),承(cheng)召公之(zhi)(zhi)訓(xun)歟!不(bu)(bu)然,何(he)其義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)若(ruo)(ruo)是(shi)哉!天兵討江州也,陳氏(shi)昆弟七人(ren),皆在圍中。及(ji)城破,軍民(min)殺傷者(zhe)(zhe)殆盡,而(er)(er)七人(ren)異處(chu)同(tong)歸,一(yi)無(wu)所傷,義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)感也。至(zhi)道(dao)以(yi)(yi)來,仍(reng)歲饑荒,陳氏(shi)舉家啜粥(zhou),雜以(yi)(yi)藻菜,怡然相安,義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)也。丁酉歲(997)夏,予(yu)以(yi)(yi)兵部尚書掌綸誥(gao)持史筆,坐命詞不(bu)(bu)當(dang),連貶嶺表。己亥歲(999),會赦東歸。過(guo)潯陽(yang),登(deng)盧峰,得諸陳氏(shi)宅,覽世譜,閱(yue)家法,詢事實,具知其狀,因為(wei)(wei)記,庶乎傳之(zhi)(zhi)四方,留示來葉(xie)者(zhe)(zhe)。
辭曰:舜(shun)有(you)至德,其后必昌(chang)。曄曄陳(chen)氏,宗義(yi)刮飏。家法(fa)式定(ding),義(yi)門表德。如何在上(shang),示為(wei)世則(ze)(ze)。古人有(you)言,家法(fa)如官。官若為(wei)義(yi),其為(wei)必安(an)。義(yi)則(ze)(ze)非利,利則(ze)(ze)非義(yi)。義(yi)利之途(tu),人思共(gong)致。尚義(yi)則(ze)(ze)崇,尚利則(ze)(ze)窮。伊惟(wei)陳(chen)宗,世襲義(yi)風。替昪偽(wei)煜,猶然敦助。逮我(wo)圣宗,恩惠駢屬(shu)。大(da)宋萬年,子孫億千。德澤旁流,陳(chen)宗綿綿。