一、燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車是(shi)否(fou)配備蓄能裝置，可把燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車分為純(chun)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車和(he)混合型燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車兩大類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純(chun)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)上電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)唯(wei)一(yi)來源(yuan)。這種類(lei)型的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)要求燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)功率(lv)大，并且無(wu)法(fa)回收(shou)汽(qi)車(che)制動(dong)(dong)能(neng)量(liang)。因此，純(chun)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)目前應用較少(shao)。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合(he)型(xing)燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)上除(chu)燃(ran)料電(dian)池外(wai)，還同時(shi)配(pei)備了蓄(xu)能裝(zhuang)置(zhi)（如蓄(xu)電(dian)池、超級電(dian)容或飛輪電(dian)池等(deng)）。由于蓄(xu)能裝(zhuang)置(zhi)可協助供(gong)電(dian)，因而可減小(xiao)燃(ran)料電(dian)池的(de)功率，且蓄(xu)能裝(zhuang)置(zhi)還可用于汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)制動時(shi)的(de)能量(liang)回收，所以可提(ti)高燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)能量(liang)利用率。因此，燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)多采(cai)用混合(he)型(xing)結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根(gen)據(ju)混(hun)合(he)(he)型燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車中燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)路結(jie)構，可將混(hun)合(he)(he)型燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車分(fen)為串聯式和并聯式兩種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相(xiang)當于車(che)(che)載(zai)發電(dian)(dian)裝置，通過(guo)DC/DC轉換(huan)器進行電(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)后對蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)，再(zai)由(you)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提(ti)供(gong)驅動(dong)車(che)(che)輛(liang)的(de)全部電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)。串(chuan)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)特點與普通的(de)串(chuan)聯混合動(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)相(xiang)似。其優點是可采用(yong)小功(gong)率(lv)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但要(yao)求蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)和功(gong)率(lv)要(yao)足夠大，且燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發出(chu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)需(xu)要(yao)經過(guo)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)化學轉換(huan)過(guo)程，從中有能(neng)量(liang)(liang)的(de)轉換(huan)損失(shi)。目前，串(chuan)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)較為少見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并(bing)聯式燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)由燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)共同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機提(ti)供(gong)動力(li)。根(gen)據燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)與蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能量(liang)大(da)小的配(pei)置(zhi)不同，又可(ke)將其(qi)分為大(da)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)型和小燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)型兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。大(da)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)主(zhu)要由燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提(ti)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的容量(liang)較小，只是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)起(qi)步、加(jia)速(su)、爬坡(po)等行(xing)駛工(gong)況時協助(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)在車(che)(che)輛減速(su)與制(zhi)動時進行(xing)能量(liang)回收。小燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)則必須采用大(da)容量(liang)的蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，由蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提(ti)供(gong)主(zhu)要的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，而(er)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只是(shi)協助(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)聯式是(shi)目前(qian)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)采用較多的形式。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)所提供的燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料不同，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)又(you)可(ke)分為直接燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)和(he)重整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)兩大(da)類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直(zhi)接燃料(liao)(liao)電池電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)主要是純(chun)氫(qing)，也可以用(yong)甲(jia)醇等(deng)燃料(liao)(liao)。采(cai)用(yong)純(chun)氫(qing)作燃料(liao)(liao)的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電池電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車，其氫(qing)燃料(liao)(liao)的(de)儲存方(fang)式有(you)壓(ya)縮(suo)氫(qing)氣、液(ye)態氫(qing)和合(he)金（碳納米(mi)管）吸附(fu)氫(qing)等(deng)幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)整燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)主要(yao)有(you)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)、天然(ran)氣(qi)、甲醇、甲烷、液(ye)化石油(you)氣(qi)等。重(zhong)整燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)結構要(yao)比(bi)氫(qing)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)復雜(za)得多(duo)。比(bi)如，甲醇重(zhong)整燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)需(xu)要(yao)對甲醇進(jin)行200℃左(zuo)右的(de)加熱以(yi)分(fen)解出氫(qing)，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)重(zhong)整燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)也需(xu)要(yao)對汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)進(jin)行1000℃左(zuo)右的(de)加熱以(yi)分(fen)解出氫(qing)。無論采用(yong)什么燃料(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)整燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)都需(xu)設置重(zhong)整裝置，將其他燃料(liao)(liao)轉(zhuan)化為燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)所(suo)需(xu)的(de)氫(qing)。

直接以(yi)純(chun)氫(qing)為燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)對(dui)儲氫(qing)裝置的(de)(de)要求(qiu)較(jiao)高。但(dan)與重整燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)相比，直接燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)結構簡單、質量輕(qing)、能量效率(lv)高、成本低。因此，目(mu)前(qian)的(de)(de)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)采(cai)用(yong)重整技術的(de)(de)相對(dui)較(jiao)少(shao)，大都以(yi)純(chun)氫(qing)為車(che)載氫(qing)源(yuan)。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在(zai)選擇燃料(liao)電池汽車時，消費者應該(gai)充分考慮(lv)自己的需求和使(shi)用情況(kuang)，并(bing)結合汽車的性能、價格和售后服(fu)務等因素做出正確的決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者(zhe)首先(xian)應該對自己的(de)需(xu)求和使用情況有一個清晰的(de)認識。如果是(shi)長途出行，需(xu)要考慮汽車(che)的(de)續航里程和加氫設施的(de)覆蓋范(fan)圍；如果是(shi)市(shi)區代步，可(ke)考慮汽車(che)的(de)動力性(xing)能和價格等因(yin)素。

2、汽車性能

燃料(liao)電(dian)池汽車(che)的性能(neng)是選擇時的重要參考因素(su)。消費者可根(gen)據自己的使(shi)用需(xu)求和(he)對汽車(che)性能(neng)的要求，選擇續(xu)航里程更(geng)長、動力性能(neng)更(geng)優、充電(dian)速度更(geng)快的車(che)型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對于傳(chuan)統汽車價格更高(gao)，消費者在(zai)選擇時(shi)需(xu)要(yao)根(gen)據自己(ji)的經濟實力(li)做(zuo)出決策(ce)。此外，還(huan)需(xu)要(yao)考慮廠家售后服(fu)務的質量(liang)和承諾，確(que)保汽車能夠得到及時(shi)有效的維修和保養(yang)。