一、什么是驅動電機系統

驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)系統是純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車三大核心部(bu)件之一，是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力來(lai)源。驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)系統是直接將電(dian)(dian)能轉換(huan)為機(ji)(ji)械能的(de)部(bu)分，決定(ding)了(le)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)性能指標(biao)。驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)系統由驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)（DM）和驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)控制(zhi)器（MCU）構成，通過高(gao)低壓線束、冷(leng)卻管路，與整車其他系統作電(dian)(dian)氣和散(san)熱連接。

整車(che)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)根據(ju)加(jia)速踏(ta)板(ban)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動踏(ta)板(ban)、擋(dang)位(wei)等信(xin)號通過CAN網絡(luo)向電機(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)驅動電車(che)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)發送指令，實(shi)(shi)時(shi)調節驅動電機(ji)的(de)(de)扭矩輸出(chu)，以實(shi)(shi)現整車(che)的(de)(de)怠速、加(jia)速、能量回收等功能。

電機控制器(qi)能對自身溫度、電機的運(yun)行溫度、轉(zhuan)子位置(zhi)進行實時監測(ce)，并(bing)把相關信息傳(chuan)遞給整車控制器(qi)VCU，進而調節水(shui)泵和冷(leng)卻風(feng)扇工(gong)作，使電機保持在理想(xiang)溫度下工(gong)作。

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二、汽車驅動電機系統的組成部分

1、驅動電動機

（1）永磁同步電(dian)機(ji)：一種典型的(de)驅動電(dian)機(ji)，具有效率(lv)高(gao)、體積小、可靠(kao)性高(gao)等優(you)點，是動力系統(tong)的(de)執行(xing)機(ji)構，是電(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)為機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)載(zai)體。它(ta)依靠(kao)內置旋轉變壓器、溫度傳感(gan)器，來提供電(dian)機(ji)的(de)工作狀態信息(xi)，并將電(dian)機(ji)運行(xing)狀態信息(xi)實時(shi)發送給MCU。

（2）旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變壓器：檢測電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子位置，經過(guo)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)控制(zhi)器內旋變解(jie)碼器解(jie)碼后，電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)控制(zhi)器可獲知(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)當前轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子位置，從而控制(zhi)相應的IGBT功率管導通(tong)，按順序給定(ding)子三個線圈通(tong)電(dian)，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。

（3）溫(wen)(wen)度(du)傳感器：作用是檢測電(dian)機繞組溫(wen)(wen)度(du)，并提信息(xi)供給MCU，再由MCU通過(guo)CAN線傳給VCU，進(jin)而(er)控制水泵工作、水路(lu)循(xun)環、冷卻電(dian)子扇工作，調節(jie)電(dian)機工作溫(wen)(wen)度(du)。

2、驅動電機控制器

（1）驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機控制(zhi)器(qi)對所有的輸入信(xin)號(hao)進行(xing)處理，并(bing)將(jiang)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機控制(zhi)系統運行(xing)狀態信(xin)息通(tong)過網絡發送給整(zheng)車(che)(che)控制(zhi)器(qi)。驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機控制(zhi)器(qi)內含故(gu)障診斷電(dian)(dian)路，當電(dian)(dian)機出現異常時(shi)，達到一定條件后，它(ta)將(jiang)會激活一個錯(cuo)誤代碼并(bing)發送給VCU整(zheng)車(che)(che)控制(zhi)器(qi)，同時(shi)也(ye)會儲存該故(gu)障碼和相關數據。

（2）驅動電機(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)器主要依靠電流(liu)傳(chuan)感器、電壓傳(chuan)感器和溫度傳(chuan)感器來進(jin)行電機(ji)運(yun)行狀態(tai)的監(jian)測，根據相應參數進(jin)行電壓、電流(liu)的調整控(kong)制(zhi)以及(ji)其它控(kong)制(zhi)功(gong)能(neng)的完成。

（3）電(dian)流(liu)(liu)傳感器用于檢測(ce)電(dian)機工(gong)作實際電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，包括(kuo)母線電(dian)流(liu)(liu)、三相交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

（4）電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)傳感器(qi)用于檢(jian)測供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)機控制器(qi)工(gong)作的實際電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，包括動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、12V蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

（5）溫度(du)傳感器用于檢測電機控制系統的工作溫度(du)，包括IGBT模塊的溫度(du)。

三、新能源汽車驅動電機系統的工作過程

1、D擋加速行駛

駕(jia)駛員(yuan)掛D擋并踩加速(su)踏板，此時擋位信(xin)(xin)息和加速(su)信(xin)(xin)息通過(guo)信(xin)(xin)號線傳(chuan)(chuan)遞給整(zheng)車控制(zhi)器(qi)，整(zheng)車控制(zhi)器(qi)把駕(jia)駛員(yuan)的操作意圖傳(chuan)(chuan)遞給驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機控制(zhi)器(qi)，再由驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機控制(zhi)器(qi)結合(he)旋變傳(chuan)(chuan)感器(qi)信(xin)(xin)息（轉子位置(zhi)），進而向永磁同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的定子通入三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)，三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)在定子繞組的電(dian)(dian)阻上產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降。

由三(san)相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生的(de)(de)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞磁(ci)動(dong)(dong)勢及建立的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞磁(ci)場，一方面切割定(ding)(ding)子繞組，并在定(ding)(ding)子繞組中產生感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢；另一方面以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)力拖動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)子以(yi)同(tong)步轉(zhuan)速正向旋轉(zhuan)。隨(sui)(sui)(sui)著加(jia)(jia)速踏板行程不斷加(jia)(jia)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)器控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)6個IGBT導通(tong)頻率上(shang)升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)而增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，因此，起(qi)步時基本(ben)上(shang)擁有最大的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)。隨(sui)(sui)(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)功率也(ye)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，同(tong)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也(ye)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)之增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。

與此同時，電(dian)機控制器也(ye)會通過電(dian)流(liu)傳感器和電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)傳感器，感知電(dian)機當前功率、消耗電(dian)流(liu)大(da)小、電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)大(da)小，并(bing)把(ba)這些信(xin)息數據傳送給(gei)儀表、整車控制器。

2、R擋倒車時

當(dang)駕(jia)駛員掛(gua)R擋時，駕(jia)駛員請求(qiu)信(xin)號發(fa)給(gei)驅動電機系統，再通(tong)過CAN線(xian)發(fa)送給(gei)MCU，此(ci)時MCU結合當(dang)前(qian)轉(zhuan)子位置（旋變(bian)(bian)傳感器）信(xin)息(xi)，通(tong)過改變(bian)(bian)IGBT模塊(kuai)改變(bian)(bian)WVU通(tong)電順序，進而(er)控(kong)制電機反轉(zhuan)。

3、制動時能量回收

駕駛員(yuan)松(song)開加(jia)速踏板時，電(dian)機(ji)由于慣性仍在(zai)旋轉(zhuan)，設車(che)(che)輪(lun)轉(zhuan)速為(wei)(wei)V輪(lun)、電(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)速為(wei)(wei)V電(dian)機(ji)，設車(che)(che)輪(lun)與電(dian)機(ji)之間固定(ding)傳動(dong)比為(wei)(wei)K，當車(che)(che)輛減速時，V輪(lun)K＜V電(dian)機(ji)時，電(dian)機(ji)仍是動(dong)力源，隨著(zhu)電(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)速下降，當 V輪(lun)K＞V電(dian)機(ji)時，此時電(dian)機(ji)由于被(bei)車(che)(che)輛拖(tuo)動(dong)而旋轉(zhuan)，此時驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)變為(wei)(wei)發電(dian)機(ji)。