1、電(dian)池單體(ti)

電池單(dan)體是直(zhi)接將化學能轉化為電能的基本單(dan)元裝(zhuang)置，包括電極、隔膜、電解質(zhi)、外殼(ke)和(he)端子，并(bing)被設計成可充電。

2、電池模組(zu)

電(dian)池(chi)模組(zu)將一個以上電(dian)池(chi)單體按照串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)、并(bing)聯(lian)或串(chuan)(chuan)并(bing)聯(lian)方式組(zu)合(he)，且只(zhi)有一對(dui)正負極輸出端子，并(bing)作為電(dian)源使(shi)用的組(zu)合(he)體

3、電池單元(yuan)

電(dian)池單(dan)元(yuan)由(you)數十個(ge)電(dian)池單(dan)體或電(dian)池模組串(chuan)聯(lian)在(zai)起(qi)，構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)一個(ge)電(dian)池單(dan)元(yuan)。由(you)數個(ge)電(dian)池單(dan)元(yuan)串(chuan)聯(lian)在(zai)一起(qi)，構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)動力電(dian)池總成(cheng)(cheng)。

4、CSC采集系(xi)統

每(mei)一(yi)個電池(chi)單(dan)元有多個CSC采集系統，以監測其中每(mei)個電池(chi)單(dan)體或電池(chi)組單(dan)體電壓、溫(wen)度信(xin)息(xi)。

CSC采集系統將相關信息(xi)上(shang)報電(dian)池控制單元（BMU）并根(gen)據BMU的指令執(zhi)行單體電(dian)壓均衡。

5、電池控制(zhi)單(dan)元

安裝于動力(li)電(dian)池(chi)總成內部，是電(dian)池(chi)管理(li)系統核心部件。電(dian)池(chi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)單元（BMU）將(jiang)單體電(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)流、溫度(du)及整車高壓(ya)絕緣等信息(xi)上報整車控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器（VCU）并根(gen)據∨CU的(de)指令完成對動力(li)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。

6、電池高壓分配單元

安(an)裝在動力電池總成的正負極輸出端(duan)，由高壓正極繼電器(qi)、高壓負極繼電器(qi)、預(yu)充繼電器(qi)、電流(liu)傳(chuan)感器(qi)和(he)預(yu)充電阻等組成。

7、維修開關

位(wei)于動力(li)電池總成中間表面位(wei)置(zhi)，打開(kai)駕駛室(shi)內副儀表手套箱開(kai)關(guan)，可操作維(wei)修(xiu)開(kai)關(guan)。在高壓零部件(jian)檢查和維(wei)護(hu)前(qian)斷(duan)開(kai)維(wei)修(xiu)開(kai)關(guan)可以確(que)保(bao)切斷(duan)高壓。

1、汽車和(he)摩托車行(xing)業

主(zhu)要是為發動機(ji)的起動點火和車載電子設備的使用提供電能(neng)。

2、工業電力系統(tong)

用于輸變電(dian)(dian)站、為(wei)動力(li)機(ji)組(zu)提供合閘(zha)電(dian)(dian)流，為(wei)公共設施提供備用電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)以及通(tong)訊用電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

3、電動汽(qi)車(che)和電動自行車(che)行業

取代汽(qi)油和柴油，作為電動汽(qi)車(che)或(huo)電動自行車(che)的行駛動力(li)電源。

4、軍事(shi)領域

由于高(gao)(gao)科技在軍事上(shang)的(de)廣泛應用，現(xian)代戰爭(zheng)已(yi)成為以(yi)數字化、信息(xi)化武器為主的(de)高(gao)(gao)科技戰爭(zheng)。這種戰爭(zheng)模式使(shi)得高(gao)(gao)效、高(gao)(gao)比能量密(mi)度和(he)可快速充填燃(ran)(ran)料的(de)軍用能源成為現(xian)代戰場(chang)上(shang)的(de)迫切需要。當今世界各國對高(gao)(gao)能動力電(dian)(dian)池的(de)技術開發一直在緊張進行(xing)，如新型鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池、鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池和(he)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池的(de)使(shi)用。

1、動力(li)電池電壓(ya)

動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)分為(wei)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)極和(he)負極之間的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差即為(wei)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，在(zai)沒(mei)有負載情(qing)況下(xia)的端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)叫(jiao)開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)工作時(shi)輸出的標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)即為(wei)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)極限值就是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)極限值是放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。

2、動(dong)力(li)電池容量

容(rong)量(liang)是指電池在(zai)一定(ding)放電條(tiao)件下(xia)所能放出的(de)電量(liang)，用(yong)符號C表示，單位常用(yong)為A?h或mA?h，等于放電電流與放電時(shi)間的(de)乘積。容(rong)量(liang)可以(yi)分為理(li)論容(rong)量(liang)、標稱容(rong)量(liang)與額(e)定(ding)容(rong)量(liang)。

3、動(dong)力(li)電池能量和能量密(mi)度(du)

電池的能(neng)量是指在一定(ding)放電制(zhi)度下(xia)，電池所能(neng)輸出的電能(neng)，單(dan)位為Wh或kWh，它影響電動(dong)汽車(che)的行(xing)駛(shi)距離。

能(neng)量密度是指單位質(zhi)量或(huo)單位體積(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)所能(neng)輸出的(de)能(neng)量，相應的(de)也被稱為質(zhi)量比能(neng)量或(huo)體積(ji)(ji)比能(neng)量。在電(dian)動汽車應用方(fang)面(mian)，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)質(zhi)量比能(neng)量影響電(dian)動汽車的(de)整車質(zhi)量和續(xu)駛里程，而體積(ji)(ji)比能(neng)量影響到電(dian)池(chi)的(de)布置空間。

4、動力電(dian)池(chi)功率與功率密度

功率是指在(zai)一定(ding)的放電(dian)(dian)制度(du)下，單(dan)位(wei)時間內電(dian)(dian)池輸出(chu)的能量，單(dan)位(wei)為W或kW。

功率(lv)密度又稱比功率(lv)，是單(dan)位質(zhi)量(liang)或單(dan)位體積電池輸出的功率(lv)，比功率(lv)是評價電池及電池包是否滿足電動汽車加速(su)和爬坡能力的重(zhong)要指(zhi)標。

1、超長壽命

長(chang)壽命鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)循環壽命在300次左右，最(zui)高也就500次，而(er)目前生產的(de)磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池，最(zui)好(hao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池循環壽命可達到2000次以上，標準充電(dian)(dian)（5小時率(lv)）使(shi)用(yong)，可達到2000次。同質量的(de)鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)“新半年(nian)、舊(jiu)半年(nian)、維護維護又半年(nian)”，最(zui)多也就1~1.5年(nian)時間(jian)，而(er)磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰電(dian)(dian)池在同樣條件(jian)下使(shi)用(yong)，將達到7－8年(nian)。綜(zong)合考慮，性能價格比將為鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)4倍以上。

2、使(shi)用(yong)安全

磷酸(suan)鐵鋰(li)(li)完全(quan)解決了鈷酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)和錳酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)的(de)(de)安全(quan)隱(yin)患問題，鈷酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)和錳酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)在(zai)強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)碰撞下會產生(sheng)爆炸對消費者的(de)(de)生(sheng)命安全(quan)構成威脅，而磷酸(suan)鐵鋰(li)(li)以經過嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)安全(quan)測試即使在(zai)最惡劣的(de)(de)交通事(shi)故中也(ye)不(bu)會產生(sheng)爆炸。

3、可大(da)電流(liu)2C快速充放(fang)電

在(zai)專用充電器下，1.5C充電40分鐘內即(ji)可使(shi)電池(chi)充滿(man)，起動電流(liu)可達2C,而鉛酸電池(chi)現(xian)在(zai)無此性(xing)能。

4、耐(nai)高溫

磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰(li)(li)電熱峰(feng)值可達350℃~500℃而錳酸(suan)(suan)鋰(li)(li)和鈷酸(suan)(suan)鋰(li)(li)只(zhi)在200℃左右。

5、大容量(liang)

動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相比傳統的汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量要大許多，一般(ban)的動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都至少能帶動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)跑150km以(yi)上(shang)，好的動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則可以(yi)達到300km以(yi)上(shang)。

6、無記憶效應

傳統的鎳鎘電池(chi)具有(you)記(ji)憶(yi)效應，因此容(rong)易導致電池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)降低。動(dong)力電池(chi)則無需擔(dan)心，可以(yi)隨用(yong)隨充。

7、體積小、重量輕

動力電池由(you)于采(cai)取了新(xin)技術，相比(bi)傳統又沉又大的電池來(lai)說，體積更(geng)(geng)小，重量更(geng)(geng)輕(qing)。

1、性質不同

動力電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)指為(wei)交(jiao)通運輸(shu)工(gong)具(ju)提供(gong)動力的電(dian)(dian)池，一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)相對于為(wei)便攜(xie)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備提供(gong)能量(liang)的小型電(dian)(dian)池而言(yan)；而普通電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種以鋰(li)(li)金屬或鋰(li)(li)合金為(wei)負極材料，使用非水電(dian)(dian)解質溶液的一(yi)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池，與可充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)跟鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)聚合物(wu)電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)不一(yi)樣。

2、電池容量不(bu)同

在都(dou)是新電池的情況下，用放電儀測試電池容量(liang)，一(yi)般(ban)動力電池的容量(liang)在1000-1500mAh左右；而(er)普通電池的容量(liang)在2000mAh以上，有的能到3400mAh。

3、放電功(gong)率(lv)不(bu)同

一顆4200mAh的動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池可以在短短幾分鐘內將電(dian)(dian)量放光，但是普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)池完全(quan)(quan)做不到，因此(ci)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)池的放電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)完全(quan)(quan)無(wu)法與動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池相(xiang)(xiang)比。動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池與普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)池最大的差別，在于(yu)其(qi)放電(dian)(dian)功率(lv)大，比能(neng)(neng)量高。由于(yu)動(dong)(dong)力(li)型電(dian)(dian)池主要(yao)用途(tu)為車(che)用能(neng)(neng)源供給，所以相(xiang)(xiang)較于(yu)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)池要(yao)有更高的放電(dian)(dian)功率(lv)。

4、應用不同

為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)提(ti)供驅動(dong)(dong)動(dong)(dong)力的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)被(bei)稱(cheng)為動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，包括(kuo)傳統的(de)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)以(yi)及新興的(de)鋰(li)離子(zi)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，分為功率型(xing)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(混合動(dong)(dong)力汽(qi)車(che)(che))以(yi)及能量型(xing)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che))；手機、筆記本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦(nao)等消費(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產品使用的(de)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)一般統稱(cheng)為鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，以(yi)區別于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)用的(de)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

固態鋰電池(聚合物固態電池)研發應用(yong)現狀

法(fa)國Bollore：全固(gu)態(tai)二次電池(LMP)，負極(ji)材料采用金屬(shu)鋰，電解質采用聚合(he)物(PEO 等)薄膜，目前(qian)已經(jing)批量應用在法(fa)國的(de) EV，共享服務汽車“Autolib”和小(xiao)型電動巴士“Bluelus，總體應用超過3000 輛。

美(mei)國Seeo：全固體二次(ci)電池采用大(da)創公司的干聚合物薄膜，提(ti)供的樣(yang)品電池組能量密度為(wei) 130-150Wh/kg，2017 年能量密度能達到(dao)300Wh/kg，尚(shang)未推廣應用。

CATL：目前已(yi)經(jing)設計制造出了(le)容量為 325 mAh的聚合物電芯，表現出較好的高(gao)溫(wen)循(xun)環(huan)性能，尚未推廣應用。

中科院青島(dao)能(neng)(neng)源所：開發(fa)的大容量(liang)(liang)固(gu)態聚合(he)物鋰電池(chi)“青能(neng)(neng) I 號”完(wan)成深海(hai)科考(kao)，其能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度超過 250 Wh/kg，500次循環容量(liang)(liang)保持(chi) 80%以上，在(zai)多次針(zhen)刺和(he)擠壓等苛刻(ke)測試條件(jian)下(xia)保持(chi)非常(chang)好的安全性(xing)能(neng)(neng)。“青能(neng)(neng) II號”也已經研(yan)發(fa)成功，能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度高達 300 Wh/kg，尚未(wei)推廣應用。

此外，固(gu)態(tai)(tai)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中，硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(鋰(li)硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi))由于(yu)具有(you)較高的(de)(de)能量(liang)密度(du)和低廉的(de)(de)成(cheng)本，有(you)著巨大的(de)(de)開發潛力，豐(feng)田(tian)、三星、CATL、豐(feng)田(tian)等國內(nei)外企(qi)(qi)業均紛(fen)紛(fen)加(jia)速布局，這其中以豐(feng)田(tian)技術最(zui)為領先(xian)。豐(feng)田(tian)在2010年(nian)就(jiu)推出(chu)硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，2014年(nian)其實驗原型(xing)能量(liang)密度(du)達到(dao)400Wh/kg，截止到(dao)2017年(nian)初，豐(feng)田(tian)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)專(zhuan)利數量(liang)達到(dao)30件(jian)，遠高于(yu)其它企(qi)(qi)業。據豐(feng)田(tian)高管透露，豐(feng)田(tian)或將在2020年(nian)實現硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)產(chan)業化(hua)。國內(nei)企(qi)(qi)業CATL在硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)方面相對領先(xian)，正加(jia)速開發純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車用的(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)全固(gu)態(tai)(tai)鋰(li)金屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。

固態鋰電(dian)池(chi)(硫化物固態電(dian)池(chi))研發現(xian)狀

豐田：2010年開始推出(chu)固態電池(chi)，2014年其(qi)實驗原(yuan)型能量(liang)密度達(da)到400Wh/kg。

三星日(ri)本研究所：利用硫化物類固(gu)體電(dian)解質(zhi)試制出2000mAh、175Wh/kg的壓層型(xing)全(quan)固(gu)態二(er)次(ci)電(dian)池。

Sakti3(美國)：2015年獲(huo)得英國家電(dian)巨頭戴森1500萬美元(yuan)的投資，其開發的固(gu)態電(dian)池以陶瓷等為電(dian)解(jie)質，金屬(shu)鋰或鋰類合金為負極，能量(liang)密度(du)達到1000Wh/L，目前仍(reng)處于研發階段。

清陶能源(yuan)：公司核心在于高(gao)固(gu)含量的全陶瓷隔(ge)膜和(he)無(wu)機固(gu)體電解(jie)質的開(kai)發和(he)生產(chan)。目前(qian)團隊已經(jing)和(he)北(bei)汽(qi)開(kai)展合(he)作進(jin)行中(zhong)試，未來可能作為北(bei)汽(qi)電動(dong)車的重要組(zu)件。

CATL：主要研發方向是硫化物電解質，采用(yong)正(zheng)極包覆方法，解決(jue)了界面反應問題(ti)，熱(re)壓方式(shi)降低了界面電阻。