1、電池單體

電池單體是(shi)直接將化學能(neng)轉化為電能(neng)的基本單元裝置，包括(kuo)電極、隔(ge)膜、電解質、外殼(ke)和(he)端子，并(bing)被(bei)設(she)計成可充電。

2、電池(chi)模組

電(dian)池(chi)(chi)模組將一(yi)個(ge)以上電(dian)池(chi)(chi)單體(ti)按照串聯(lian)、并(bing)聯(lian)或(huo)串并(bing)聯(lian)方(fang)式組合(he)，且只有一(yi)對正負極輸出(chu)端子，并(bing)作為電(dian)源使用(yong)的組合(he)體(ti)

3、電池(chi)單(dan)元

電(dian)池(chi)單(dan)元(yuan)由數十個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)單(dan)體或電(dian)池(chi)模組串(chuan)聯(lian)在起，構成一個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)單(dan)元(yuan)。由數個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)單(dan)元(yuan)串(chuan)聯(lian)在一起，構成動力電(dian)池(chi)總成。

4、CSC采集系統

每(mei)一個(ge)電池單元有多(duo)個(ge)CSC采集系(xi)統，以監(jian)測其中(zhong)每(mei)個(ge)電池單體或電池組單體電壓、溫度信息。

CSC采集系統(tong)將相(xiang)關(guan)信息上報電池控制單元（BMU）并(bing)根(gen)據BMU的指(zhi)令執行單體電壓均衡(heng)。

5、電池控(kong)制(zhi)單元(yuan)

安裝于動力(li)電(dian)池(chi)總(zong)成內部(bu)，是(shi)電(dian)池(chi)管理(li)系統核心部(bu)件。電(dian)池(chi)控(kong)制單元（BMU）將(jiang)單體電(dian)壓、電(dian)流、溫度(du)及(ji)整車高壓絕緣(yuan)等信息上報整車控(kong)制器（VCU）并根據∨CU的指令完成對(dui)動力(li)電(dian)池(chi)的控(kong)制。

6、電池高壓分(fen)配單元

安(an)裝在(zai)動力電(dian)(dian)池總成的正(zheng)(zheng)負(fu)極輸出端(duan)，由高壓正(zheng)(zheng)極繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、高壓負(fu)極繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、預充繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)流傳(chuan)感器(qi)和(he)預充電(dian)(dian)阻等組成。

7、維修開關

位(wei)于動力電(dian)池總成中(zhong)間(jian)表面(mian)位(wei)置，打開(kai)駕駛室內副儀表手套(tao)箱(xiang)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)，可(ke)操作(zuo)維(wei)修開(kai)關(guan)(guan)。在高(gao)壓(ya)零部件檢查和維(wei)護前斷開(kai)維(wei)修開(kai)關(guan)(guan)可(ke)以(yi)確保(bao)切斷高(gao)壓(ya)。

1、汽車和(he)摩托車行業

主要是為發動(dong)機的(de)起動(dong)點火和車載(zai)電子(zi)設備的(de)使用提供電能。

2、工業(ye)電力系統

用(yong)于輸變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、為動力機組(zu)提供合閘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，為公共設施提供備(bei)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源以及通(tong)訊(xun)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。

3、電動汽車和電動自行車行業(ye)

取代汽油(you)和柴(chai)油(you)，作為電動(dong)汽車或電動(dong)自行(xing)車的行(xing)駛動(dong)力(li)電源。

4、軍事領域

由于高科技(ji)在軍事(shi)上的(de)(de)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)，現(xian)代戰爭已成為(wei)以數(shu)字化、信息化武器為(wei)主的(de)(de)高科技(ji)戰爭。這種戰爭模(mo)式使得(de)高效、高比能(neng)量密度和可快速充填燃(ran)料(liao)的(de)(de)軍用(yong)能(neng)源成為(wei)現(xian)代戰場(chang)上的(de)(de)迫切(qie)需要。當今世界各國(guo)對高能(neng)動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)開發(fa)一直在緊張進(jin)行，如(ru)新型鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)使用(yong)。

1、動力電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)

動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)分(fen)為端(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極(ji)和負極(ji)之間的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差即為端(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，在沒(mei)有負載情況下的(de)(de)(de)端(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)叫開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在工作時(shi)輸出的(de)(de)(de)標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)即為額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)極(ji)限值就是充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)極(ji)限值是放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

2、動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池容(rong)量

容量(liang)(liang)是指電(dian)池在一定放電(dian)條件下所能放出的電(dian)量(liang)(liang)，用(yong)(yong)符(fu)號C表(biao)示，單位(wei)常用(yong)(yong)為A?h或mA?h，等于放電(dian)電(dian)流與放電(dian)時(shi)間(jian)的乘(cheng)積。容量(liang)(liang)可以分為理論容量(liang)(liang)、標稱容量(liang)(liang)與額定容量(liang)(liang)。

3、動(dong)力電池能(neng)量(liang)和(he)能(neng)量(liang)密度

電(dian)池的能量是指在一定放電(dian)制度下，電(dian)池所(suo)能輸出的電(dian)能，單位為Wh或kWh，它(ta)影(ying)響電(dian)動汽車的行駛距(ju)離。

能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密(mi)度是指單(dan)位質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)單(dan)位體積(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池所能(neng)輸(shu)出(chu)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，相應的(de)也被稱(cheng)為質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)比(bi)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)體積(ji)比(bi)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車應用方面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)比(bi)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車的(de)整車質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)續駛里程，而體積(ji)比(bi)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)影(ying)響到電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)布置空間(jian)。

4、動力電(dian)池功(gong)率與功(gong)率密度(du)

功率(lv)是(shi)指在(zai)一(yi)定的放電(dian)制度(du)下，單(dan)位(wei)(wei)時間內電(dian)池(chi)輸出的能量，單(dan)位(wei)(wei)為W或(huo)kW。

功(gong)(gong)率密度又稱比功(gong)(gong)率，是單位質(zhi)量或單位體(ti)積(ji)電池輸(shu)出(chu)的功(gong)(gong)率，比功(gong)(gong)率是評(ping)價電池及電池包(bao)是否滿足電動汽車加速和(he)爬坡能(neng)力(li)的重要指標。

1、超長壽命

長壽(shou)命(ming)鉛(qian)酸電池的循環壽(shou)命(ming)在(zai)300次(ci)左右，最高也(ye)就(jiu)500次(ci)，而目前生產的磷(lin)酸鐵(tie)(tie)鋰動力電池，最好的電池循環壽(shou)命(ming)可達(da)到2000次(ci)以上(shang)，標準充電（5小時(shi)(shi)率）使(shi)用，可達(da)到2000次(ci)。同質(zhi)量的鉛(qian)酸電池是“新半年(nian)、舊半年(nian)、維護維護又半年(nian)”，最多也(ye)就(jiu)1~1.5年(nian)時(shi)(shi)間，而磷(lin)酸鐵(tie)(tie)鋰電池在(zai)同樣條(tiao)件下使(shi)用，將達(da)到7－8年(nian)。綜合考慮，性能價格比將為(wei)鉛(qian)酸電池的4倍以上(shang)。

2、使用(yong)安全

磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰(li)完全(quan)解決了鈷(gu)酸(suan)(suan)鋰(li)和錳酸(suan)(suan)鋰(li)的安(an)全(quan)隱患問題，鈷(gu)酸(suan)(suan)鋰(li)和錳酸(suan)(suan)鋰(li)在強烈的碰撞下會(hui)產生爆(bao)炸對消費者的生命安(an)全(quan)構成威(wei)脅，而(er)磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰(li)以經過嚴格(ge)的安(an)全(quan)測試即使在最惡劣的交通事(shi)故中也不會(hui)產生爆(bao)炸。

3、可(ke)大電(dian)(dian)流2C快速充放電(dian)(dian)

在專用充電(dian)(dian)器下，1.5C充電(dian)(dian)40分鐘內即可(ke)使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充滿，起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流可(ke)達2C,而鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)現(xian)在無此(ci)性能。

4、耐高(gao)溫

磷(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰電熱峰值可達350℃~500℃而錳酸(suan)鋰和鈷酸(suan)鋰只在200℃左(zuo)右。

5、大容量

動(dong)力電池(chi)(chi)相比(bi)傳統的汽車電池(chi)(chi)容量要大許多，一(yi)般的動(dong)力電池(chi)(chi)都至少能(neng)帶動(dong)汽車跑150km以上，好的動(dong)力電池(chi)(chi)則可以達到300km以上。

6、無記憶(yi)效應

傳統(tong)的鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)具有(you)記憶效應(ying)，因此容易導致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量降低。動力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)則無需擔(dan)心(xin)，可以隨(sui)(sui)用隨(sui)(sui)充。

7、體積小、重量(liang)輕(qing)

動力電池由于(yu)采取了新技術(shu)，相比傳(chuan)統又沉(chen)又大的電池來說，體積更(geng)小(xiao)，重(zhong)量更(geng)輕。

1、性(xing)質不(bu)同

動(dong)力電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)指為(wei)交通(tong)運輸工具提供動(dong)力的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，一(yi)般(ban)是(shi)相對于為(wei)便攜式電(dian)子設備提供能(neng)量的(de)小(xiao)型電(dian)池(chi)(chi)而言；而普通(tong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)一(yi)種以(yi)鋰(li)金(jin)屬或鋰(li)合(he)(he)金(jin)為(wei)負極(ji)材料(liao)，使用(yong)非(fei)水電(dian)解質溶液的(de)一(yi)次電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，與可充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)鋰(li)離子跟(gen)鋰(li)離子聚合(he)(he)物電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)不一(yi)樣。

2、電池容量不同

在(zai)都是(shi)新電池(chi)的情況下(xia)，用放電儀測(ce)試電池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)，一般(ban)動力(li)電池(chi)的容(rong)量(liang)在(zai)1000-1500mAh左右；而(er)普(pu)通電池(chi)的容(rong)量(liang)在(zai)2000mAh以上，有(you)的能到(dao)3400mAh。

3、放電功率不同

一顆4200mAh的動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)短短幾分(fen)鐘內將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)放光(guang)，但是普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)完(wan)全(quan)(quan)做不到，因(yin)此普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)完(wan)全(quan)(quan)無法(fa)與(yu)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相(xiang)比。動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)最大的差別，在(zai)于(yu)其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率大，比能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)高(gao)。由于(yu)動(dong)力(li)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)主要(yao)用途為車用能(neng)(neng)(neng)源供(gong)給，所以(yi)相(xiang)較于(yu)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)要(yao)有更(geng)高(gao)的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率。

4、應用不同

為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車提(ti)供驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)被稱為動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，包(bao)括傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)以(yi)及新興的(de)(de)鋰離子動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，分為功率型動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)汽(qi)車)以(yi)及能量型動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車)；手機、筆記本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦等消費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子產品使用的(de)(de)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)一般統稱為鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，以(yi)區別于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車用的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。

固態鋰電池(聚合物固態電池)研(yan)發應用現狀

法國Bollore：全(quan)固態二次(ci)電(dian)池(LMP)，負極(ji)材料(liao)采用(yong)金(jin)屬鋰，電(dian)解(jie)質采用(yong)聚合(he)物(PEO 等)薄膜(mo)，目前已經批量(liang)應用(yong)在法國的(de) EV，共享(xiang)服(fu)務汽車“Autolib”和(he)小型電(dian)動巴士(shi)“Bluelus，總體應用(yong)超過3000 輛。

美國Seeo：全固體(ti)二次(ci)電池采用大創公司的(de)干(gan)聚(ju)合物薄膜(mo)，提供的(de)樣(yang)品電池組能(neng)量密(mi)度(du)為 130-150Wh/kg，2017 年能(neng)量密(mi)度(du)能(neng)達(da)到(dao)300Wh/kg，尚未推廣應(ying)用。

CATL：目前已經設計制(zhi)造出了容(rong)量(liang)為 325 mAh的聚合物(wu)電芯，表(biao)現出較好的高(gao)溫(wen)循(xun)環(huan)性能(neng)，尚未推廣應(ying)用。

中科院青島能(neng)源(yuan)所(suo)：開發的大(da)容量(liang)固態聚(ju)合物(wu)鋰電池(chi)“青能(neng) I 號(hao)”完成(cheng)深海科考，其能(neng)量(liang)密度(du)超過 250 Wh/kg，500次循環容量(liang)保(bao)持(chi)(chi) 80%以上，在多(duo)次針刺和擠壓等苛刻測試(shi)條件下保(bao)持(chi)(chi)非(fei)常好(hao)的安全性能(neng)。“青能(neng) II號(hao)”也已經(jing)研發成(cheng)功(gong)，能(neng)量(liang)密度(du)高達 300 Wh/kg，尚未推廣應用。

此外，固(gu)(gu)態(tai)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池中，硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)池(鋰(li)(li)硫(liu)電(dian)池)由于(yu)具有較高的(de)能量(liang)密(mi)度和低(di)廉(lian)的(de)成本，有著(zhu)巨(ju)大的(de)開(kai)發潛力，豐田、三星、CATL、豐田等國內(nei)外企(qi)業(ye)均紛紛加(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)布局，這(zhe)其(qi)中以豐田技術最為領先(xian)。豐田在2010年(nian)就推出硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)池，2014年(nian)其(qi)實驗原型(xing)能量(liang)密(mi)度達(da)到400Wh/kg，截止到2017年(nian)初，豐田固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)池專利(li)數(shu)量(liang)達(da)到30件(jian)，遠(yuan)高于(yu)其(qi)它企(qi)業(ye)。據(ju)豐田高管(guan)透露(lu)，豐田或(huo)將在2020年(nian)實現硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)池的(de)產業(ye)化(hua)。國內(nei)企(qi)業(ye)CATL在硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)池方(fang)面相對領先(xian)，正(zheng)加(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)開(kai)發純電(dian)動汽車用的(de)硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)全固(gu)(gu)態(tai)鋰(li)(li)金(jin)屬電(dian)池。

固態鋰電(dian)(dian)池(硫化物固態電(dian)(dian)池)研發現狀

豐田(tian)：2010年開始(shi)推(tui)出固態電池(chi)，2014年其實(shi)驗原型(xing)能量密度達到(dao)400Wh/kg。

三星日本研究(jiu)所：利用硫化物類(lei)固體電解(jie)質試制(zhi)出2000mAh、175Wh/kg的(de)壓層型全固態二次電池(chi)。

Sakti3(美國(guo))：2015年獲得英國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)巨頭戴森1500萬美元的投(tou)資(zi)，其開發的固態電(dian)(dian)池以陶瓷等為電(dian)(dian)解質，金(jin)屬鋰(li)或鋰(li)類合金(jin)為負極，能量密度達到1000Wh/L，目(mu)前仍處于(yu)研發階段。

清陶能源(yuan)：公(gong)司核心在(zai)于高固含量的全陶瓷隔膜和無(wu)機固體電解質(zhi)的開發和生產。目前團隊已經和北(bei)汽(qi)開展(zhan)合作(zuo)進行中(zhong)試，未來可能作(zuo)為(wei)北(bei)汽(qi)電動車的重(zhong)要組件。

CATL：主要(yao)研發方(fang)向是硫(liu)化(hua)物電(dian)解(jie)(jie)質，采用正(zheng)極(ji)包覆方(fang)法，解(jie)(jie)決(jue)了(le)界面(mian)反應(ying)問題，熱壓方(fang)式降低了(le)界面(mian)電(dian)阻。