一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是(shi)由電瓶，即蓄電池(chi)提供(gong)電能的。電動車蓄電池(chi)常出現硫化(hua)現象。

1、何為硫化

蓄(xu)電池內部(bu)極(ji)板的(de)表面上附著一層白色堅硬(ying)的(de)結晶體(ti)，充電后依(yi)舊(jiu)不(bu)能剝(bo)離極(ji)板表面轉化(hua)為活性(xing)物質的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛，這就是(shi)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽化(hua)，簡稱(cheng)為“硫(liu)化(hua)”。

該圖片由注冊用戶"志士豪杰"提供，版權聲明反饋

2、硫化表象

電池內阻增大(da)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較未硫化前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)提(ti)前到達充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越(yue)大(da)越(yue)明(ming)顯。酸液(ye)密度低(di)于正常(chang)值。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量下降，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越(yue)大(da)容量下降越(yue)明(ming)顯。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時有產生(sheng)氣泡，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫升增快，嚴(yan)重時可導致充(chong)(chong)不(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根據蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)雙硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽化(hua)論，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)每次放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，正(zheng)(zheng)負極(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)活性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)均(jun)轉變為硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)各(ge)自還(huan)原回不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)活性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)。而(er)(er)經常過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)、低(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)、補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)及時、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)充(chong)足、酸(suan)(suan)液(ye)密度(du)過(guo)(guo)高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部缺水、長(chang)期(qi)擱置(zhi)時，極(ji)板(ban)表(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛堆積過(guo)(guo)量且在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)中(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)解，呈飽和狀態(tai)，這些硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛微粒在(zai)(zai)溫(wen)度(du)、酸(suan)(suan)濃(nong)度(du)的(de)(de)波動下，重新結(jie)(jie)晶析出在(zai)(zai)極(ji)板(ban)表(biao)面(mian)。由于多晶體系傾(qing)向(xiang)于減小其表(biao)面(mian)自由能的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)果，重組析出后(hou)的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶呈增(zeng)大(da)、增(zeng)厚趨(qu)勢。由于硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛是難(nan)溶(rong)(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)，重組后(hou)的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶體其比(bi)表(biao)面(mian)積減小，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)解度(du)和溶(rong)(rong)解速度(du)降低(di)(di)(di)。硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛附著(zhu)在(zai)(zai)極(ji)板(ban)表(biao)面(mian)和微孔(kong)中(zhong)阻礙了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)常擴散反映，且硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛電(dian)(dian)(dian)導不(bu)(bu)(bu)良(liang)阻值大(da)，致使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)常的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)歐姆極(ji)化(hua)、濃(nong)差極(ji)化(hua)增(zeng)大(da)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接受率(lv)降低(di)(di)(di)，在(zai)(zai)活性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)尚未充(chong)分轉化(hua)時已達極(ji)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)產生(sheng)水分解，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池迅(xun)速升溫(wen)使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能繼續下去進而(er)(er)活性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)轉化(hua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)完(wan)全，因(yin)而(er)(er)成為容量降低(di)(di)(di)和壽命縮短的(de)(de)原因(yin)。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每(mei)(mei)次放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)及時(shi)(shi)補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)且要充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，尤其是(shi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)一定要及時(shi)(shi)補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)盡量控制放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)深放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生(sheng)的硫酸鉛過于致(zhi)密，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)取小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。對于低(di)溫(wen)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)，要采(cai)取多(duo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量百分之(zhi)三十來(lai)恢復(fu)容量。長期擱置(zhi)(zhi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池,要先(xian)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)再擱置(zhi)(zhi)，在擱置(zhi)(zhi)每(mei)(mei)兩(liang)個月適當(dang)補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已(yi)硫(liu)化電(dian)(dian)池，可(ke)以(yi)先將電(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，倒出原(yuan)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)并(bing)注入密度(du)在(zai)1.10g/cm3以(yi)下較(jiao)稀電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)，即向電(dian)(dian)池中加水稀釋(shi)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)，以(yi)提高硫(liu)酸鉛的溶解度(du)。采用20h率(lv)以(yi)下的電(dian)(dian)流，在(zai)液(ye)(ye)溫(wen)不超過20℃～40℃的范圍內較(jiao)長時(shi)間充電(dian)(dian)，最后在(zai)充足電(dian)(dian)情況下用稍(shao)高電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)調(diao)整電(dian)(dian)池內電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)密度(du)至標準(zhun)溶液(ye)(ye)濃度(du)，一般硫(liu)化現象可(ke)解除，容量恢(hui)復至80%以(yi)上可(ke)認為修復成(cheng)功。

此(ci)法機理，用(yong)降低(di)酸液密(mi)度提(ti)高硫(liu)酸鹽的(de)溶度積，采取小電(dian)(dian)流長時(shi)間充電(dian)(dian)以降低(di)歐姆(mu)極化(hua)延緩水分(fen)解電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)提(ti)早出現(xian)，最(zui)終使硫(liu)化(hua)現(xian)象在溶解和轉化(hua)為活(huo)性物質中(zhong)逐漸(jian)減輕(qing)或消除。

此法特點對于加水蓄電(dian)(dian)池比較適用，對于硫化嚴重現(xian)象亦可反復處理，無須投資設備即可自行修復，缺點是(shi)過(guo)程(cheng)太(tai)繁瑣(suo)對密封電(dian)(dian)池不太(tai)使用。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已硫化電(dian)池，采用大電(dian)流5h率(lv)以內電(dian)流，對電(dian)池充電(dian)至稍過(guo)充狀態控制液(ye)溫不(bu)超過(guo)40度(du)為(wei)宜，然后放電(dian)30%，如此反復數(shu)次可減輕(qing)和消除硫化現象。

此法機理(li)，用過充電(dian)析出氣(qi)體對極板(ban)表面輕微硫化(hua)鹽(yan)沖刷，使其脫附溶解并轉化(hua)為活性(xing)物質(zhi)。

此法(fa)特點(dian)，對(dui)(dui)于輕微(wei)硫化可明顯(xian)修復。但對(dui)(dui)老電池不適用，因為在析出氣體沖刷(shua)硫酸鹽(yan)的同時(shi)也對(dui)(dui)正(zheng)極板的活性(xing)物(wu)產生強烈沖刷(shua)，使活性(xing)物(wu)質變軟甚至脫落。

3、化學修復法

對已硫(liu)化電(dian)池，倒(dao)掉(diao)原電(dian)解液(ye)，加入(ru)純水與硫(liu)酸(suan)鈉、硫(liu)酸(suan)鉀、酒石(shi)酸(suan)等物質混合液(ye)，采取正常充放電(dian)幾次(ci)，然后倒(dao)出(chu)純水加入(ru)稍高密度酸(suan)液(ye)調整(zheng)電(dian)池內(nei)酸(suan)液(ye)至標準(zhun)液(ye)濃度，容量恢(hui)復至80%以上可認為修復成功。

此法(fa)機(ji)理，加入的這(zhe)些硫(liu)(liu)酸鹽配(pei)位(wei)摻雜劑，可與(yu)很(hen)多(duo)金(jin)屬離子，包括硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)鹽形(xing)成配(pei)位(wei)化(hua)合物。形(xing)成的化(hua)合物在(zai)酸性介質中是不穩定(ding)的，不導電的硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)層(ceng)將逐(zhu)步溶(rong)解返回到溶(rong)液中，使極板硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)脫(tuo)附溶(rong)解。

此法特點，修復效(xiao)(xiao)率和功效(xiao)(xiao)高于前(qian)兩種修復方法，缺(que)點太繁瑣。

4、脈沖修復

對(dui)于硫化(hua)電(dian)池，可用一些專用的脈沖修復儀對(dui)電(dian)池充放電(dian)數次來消除(chu)硫化(hua)。

此法(fa)機理，從(cong)固(gu)體(ti)物(wu)理上(shang)(shang)來講，任何絕緣層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)在(zai)足(zu)(zu)(zu)夠(gou)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)都可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。一(yi)旦絕緣層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)被擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會由(you)絕緣狀態(tai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)為導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)。如果對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)差阻值大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)施(shi)加瞬間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛結晶。如果這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓足(zu)(zu)(zu)夠(gou)短，并(bing)且進行限(xian)流，在(zai)打穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)硫化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形(xing)(xing)下(xia)，控制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流適當，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)會引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)析氣。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)析氣量取(qu)決于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小，如果脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)寬(kuan)度足(zu)(zu)(zu)夠(gou)短，占空比夠(gou)大(da)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)保證擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)粗大(da)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛結晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下(xia)，同(tong)時(shi)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)來不(bu)(bu)及(ji)形(xing)(xing)成析氣，如果含(han)有(you)(you)負(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)去極(ji)化(hua)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)更能(neng)(neng)保證在(zai)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)時(shi)極(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)析出，這(zhe)樣(yang)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)實現了脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)消除硫化(hua)。從(cong)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)物(wu)理學(xue)來說，硫離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)具有(you)(you)5個(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀態(tai)，處(chu)于亞穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)能(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)趨向于遷(qian)落到穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價(jia)(jia)健能(neng)(neng)級(ji)存(cun)在(zai)。在(zai)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價(jia)(jia)鍵能(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀態(tai)，硫以(yi)(yi)(yi)包(bao)含(han)8個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)(xing)式存(cun)在(zai)，這(zhe)8個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模式是一(yi)種穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合，難以(yi)(yi)(yi)躍變(bian)和(he)被打碎，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)現象就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是這(zhe)種穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級(ji)。要(yao)打碎這(zhe)些硫化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)給環形(xing)(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)提(ti)供一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量，促使(shi)(shi)外層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)被激(ji)活到下(xia)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)高(gao)能(neng)(neng)帶，使(shi)(shi)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之間解除束縛(fu)(fu)。每一(yi)個(ge)(ge)特(te)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級(ji)都有(you)(you)唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)(xie)振頻率，諧(xie)(xie)振頻率以(yi)(yi)(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量過高(gao)會使(shi)(shi)躍遷(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處(chu)于不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)狀態(tai)，過低(di)能(neng)(neng)量不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)(shi)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)脫離(li)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)團(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)束縛(fu)(fu)，這(zhe)樣(yang)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)修(xiu)(xiu)復儀(yi)在(zai)頻率多次變(bian)換(huan)中只要(yao)有(you)(you)一(yi)次與硫化(hua)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產生諧(xie)(xie)振，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)硫化(hua)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)為溶(rong)解于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)由(you)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，重新參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反應，在(zai)特(te)定(ding)(ding)條件下(xia)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)回活性物(wu)質(zhi)。此法(fa)特(te)點，效果好(hao)操(cao)作方(fang)便。但(dan)需(xu)要(yao)有(you)(you)專用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，個(ge)(ge)人用戶都不(bu)(bu)具備(bei)，需(xu)要(yao)購買。市場(chang)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)修(xiu)(xiu)復充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器參差不(bu)(bu)齊，很多脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器甚至是專用修(xiu)(xiu)復儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)寬(kuan)比、占空比、負(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)設(she)計得并(bing)不(bu)(bu)合理不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)起到去硫化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。

大容量(liang)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（以下簡(jian)稱“電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”）是(shi)基站電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)保障。在國內出現(xian)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)荒”的(de)(de)時候，后備電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性顯得格(ge)外(wai)重要。在長三角和珠(zhu)三角地區，每周內停(ting)三供(gong)四(si)的(de)(de)時間很多，甚至出現(xian)聽四(si)供(gong)三更加嚴重的(de)(de)局面(mian)。多數處于野外(wai)的(de)(de)基站，其供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)難以保證都是(shi)采用一、二(er)類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)，這樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性問題尤其嚴重。 雖然目前的(de)(de)科學(xue)技(ji)術(shu)飛速(su)發展，近(jin)(jin)年鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)發展也(ye)比較(jiao)快(kuai)，基本(ben)上以大型閥(fa)(fa)控(kong)(kong)密(mi)封式(shi)(shi)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)代替了防算酸(suan)隔爆型電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。就是(shi)大型閥(fa)(fa)控(kong)(kong)密(mi)封式(shi)(shi)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)近(jin)(jin)些年也(ye)在發展。但是(shi)大容量(liang)的(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還是(shi)以鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為唯一的(de)(de)選擇。如(ru)何延(yan)長鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常使用壽命，一直是(shi)業內人(ren)士探(tan)討的(de)(de)主要問題。

相同(tong)的(de)(de)電池，在不同(tong)的(de)(de)設(she)備條(tiao)(tiao)件、不同(tong)的(de)(de)使用條(tiao)(tiao)件和(he)不同(tong)維(wei)護條(tiao)(tiao)件下使用壽命相差(cha)很大(da)。這就需要(yao)在設(she)備條(tiao)(tiao)件、使用條(tiao)(tiao)件和(he)維(wei)護條(tiao)(tiao)件上尋(xun)找其(qi)差(cha)異。而電池失(shi)效的(de)(de)的(de)(de)幾個主要(yao)現(xian)象是：

a、正極板(ban)軟化；

b、正極板板柵腐蝕；

c、負極板硫化；

d、失水；

e、少數(shu)電池(chi)出現(xian)熱失控（包括電池(chi)鼓脹）