一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是由(you)電瓶(ping)，即蓄電池提(ti)供(gong)電能的。電動車蓄電池常出現(xian)硫化現(xian)象。

1、何為硫化

蓄電池內部極板的(de)表面上附著一層白(bai)色堅硬的(de)結晶體，充電后依(yi)舊不能剝離極板表面轉(zhuan)化為活性物(wu)質的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛，這就是(shi)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽化，簡稱為“硫(liu)化”。

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2、硫化表象

電池內阻增大(da)，充電(dian)(dian)較未硫(liu)化(hua)前電(dian)(dian)壓提前到達充電(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越大(da)越明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)。酸液密度低于正常值。放電(dian)(dian)容量下(xia)降，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越大(da)容量下(xia)降越明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)。充電(dian)(dian)時有(you)產(chan)生氣泡，充電(dian)(dian)溫升(sheng)增快，嚴重時可導致(zhi)充不進電(dian)(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根據蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)雙(shuang)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化(hua)(hua)論(lun)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)每(mei)次(ci)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，正(zheng)(zheng)負極(ji)(ji)板的(de)不同(tong)活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)均(jun)轉(zhuan)變為硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后各自還(huan)原回(hui)不同(tong)的(de)活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)。而(er)經常過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流深(shen)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、低(di)溫(wen)(wen)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、補充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不及時、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不充(chong)(chong)足、酸(suan)液密度過高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部缺水(shui)、長期擱置時，極(ji)(ji)板表面的(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)堆積(ji)過量且在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)解(jie)，呈(cheng)飽和(he)狀態(tai)，這些硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)微粒(li)在(zai)溫(wen)(wen)度、酸(suan)濃度的(de)波動(dong)下(xia)，重新結(jie)(jie)晶析出在(zai)極(ji)(ji)板表面。由(you)(you)于多晶體系傾向于減(jian)小(xiao)其表面自由(you)(you)能(neng)的(de)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)，重組析出后的(de)結(jie)(jie)晶呈(cheng)增大、增厚趨勢(shi)。由(you)(you)于硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)是難(nan)溶(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)，重組后的(de)結(jie)(jie)晶體其比表面積(ji)減(jian)小(xiao)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)溶(rong)解(jie)度和(he)溶(rong)解(jie)速(su)度降低(di)。硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)附著在(zai)極(ji)(ji)板表面和(he)微孔(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)阻(zu)礙了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)常擴散(san)反(fan)映，且硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導不良(liang)阻(zu)值(zhi)大，致使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)常的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)歐姆極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)、濃差極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)增大，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)受率降低(di)，在(zai)活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)尚(shang)未充(chong)(chong)分(fen)(fen)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)時已達極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓產生水(shui)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)迅(xun)速(su)升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)使(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不能(neng)繼續下(xia)去(qu)進而(er)活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)不完全，因而(er)成為容量降低(di)和(he)壽命縮(suo)短(duan)的(de)原因。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每(mei)次(ci)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)及時(shi)補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)且要(yao)充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，尤其是(shi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)一(yi)定要(yao)及時(shi)補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)盡量控制放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度，小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生的硫酸鉛過于致密，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)取小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流長(chang)時(shi)間(jian)。對于低溫大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，要(yao)采(cai)取多充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量百分之(zhi)三十來恢復容量。長(chang)期擱(ge)置的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,要(yao)先充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)再擱(ge)置，在擱(ge)置每(mei)兩個月(yue)適當補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對(dui)已(yi)硫(liu)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，可以(yi)先將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，倒出原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)并注(zhu)入密度在(zai)(zai)1.10g/cm3以(yi)下較(jiao)稀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)，即向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中加(jia)水稀釋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)，以(yi)提(ti)高硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)的溶解度。采(cai)用20h率以(yi)下的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，在(zai)(zai)液(ye)溫不超(chao)過20℃～40℃的范圍內(nei)較(jiao)長時間充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最后在(zai)(zai)充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況下用稍(shao)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)密度至標(biao)準溶液(ye)濃度，一般硫(liu)化現象可解除，容量恢復至80%以(yi)上(shang)可認為修(xiu)復成功。

此法機(ji)理，用降低酸液密度提高硫(liu)酸鹽的溶度積，采取小電流(liu)長(chang)時(shi)間充電以(yi)降低歐姆極化延緩水(shui)分解電壓的提早出現，最(zui)終使硫(liu)化現象在溶解和轉化為活性物質中(zhong)逐漸(jian)減輕或消除。

此(ci)法特(te)點對于加(jia)水蓄電(dian)池比較(jiao)適用，對于硫化嚴重現象亦可反復處(chu)理，無須投(tou)資設備即可自行(xing)修復，缺點是過(guo)程太繁瑣(suo)對密封電(dian)池不太使用。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已(yi)硫化電(dian)池，采用大電(dian)流5h率(lv)以(yi)內電(dian)流，對電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)至(zhi)稍(shao)過充(chong)狀態控制液(ye)溫不(bu)超過40度為宜(yi)，然后放電(dian)30%，如此反復數(shu)次可減(jian)輕和消除(chu)硫化現(xian)象(xiang)。

此(ci)法機理，用過(guo)充(chong)電析出氣體對極板表面(mian)輕(qing)微硫化(hua)鹽沖(chong)刷(shua)，使其脫附溶解(jie)并轉(zhuan)化(hua)為活性物質。

此法特(te)點，對于輕微硫化可(ke)明顯修復(fu)。但對老電池不適用，因為在析(xi)出氣體沖刷硫酸鹽的(de)同時也對正極板的(de)活性(xing)物(wu)產(chan)生(sheng)強烈沖刷，使活性(xing)物(wu)質變軟甚(shen)至脫落。

3、化學修復法

對已硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化電(dian)池(chi)，倒掉原電(dian)解液(ye)，加入純水與硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉、硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉀、酒石酸(suan)(suan)(suan)等物質混合液(ye)，采取正常充放電(dian)幾(ji)次，然后倒出(chu)純水加入稍高密(mi)度(du)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)液(ye)調(diao)整電(dian)池(chi)內酸(suan)(suan)(suan)液(ye)至(zhi)標(biao)準液(ye)濃度(du)，容量(liang)恢復至(zhi)80%以(yi)上(shang)可認為修復成功。

此法機理，加入的(de)這些硫酸(suan)鹽配位摻(chan)雜劑，可(ke)與很多(duo)金屬離子，包括硫化(hua)鹽形成(cheng)配位化(hua)合物(wu)。形成(cheng)的(de)化(hua)合物(wu)在酸(suan)性介(jie)質中(zhong)是不穩定的(de)，不導(dao)電的(de)硫化(hua)層將逐(zhu)步溶解返回到溶液中(zhong)，使(shi)極板硫化(hua)脫(tuo)附溶解。

此法特點(dian)，修復(fu)效率和功效高于前(qian)兩種修復(fu)方法，缺點(dian)太繁瑣(suo)。

4、脈沖修復

對于硫化電(dian)池(chi)，可(ke)用一(yi)些專用的脈(mo)沖修復儀對電(dian)池(chi)充放電(dian)數次來消除硫化。

此法(fa)機(ji)理(li)(li)，從(cong)固體物(wu)理(li)(li)上來講，任何絕(jue)緣層(ceng)(ceng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)足夠(gou)(gou)高(gao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)都可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)擊穿。一(yi)(yi)旦絕(jue)緣層(ceng)(ceng)被擊穿，就(jiu)會由絕(jue)緣狀態(tai)轉變(bian)為導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)。如果(guo)(guo)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)差(cha)阻(zu)值(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽層(ceng)(ceng)施加(jia)瞬間(jian)的(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)擊穿大(da)(da)(da)的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛結晶。如果(guo)(guo)這個(ge)(ge)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)足夠(gou)(gou)短(duan)，并且(qie)進行限(xian)流，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)打穿硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)情形下(xia)，控制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流適當，就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)會引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)析(xi)氣。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)析(xi)氣量取(qu)決(jue)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)大(da)(da)(da)小，如果(guo)(guo)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)寬度(du)足夠(gou)(gou)短(duan)，占(zhan)空比(bi)夠(gou)(gou)大(da)(da)(da)，就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)保證擊穿粗大(da)(da)(da)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛結晶的(de)條件下(xia)，同時發生的(de)微充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)來不(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)形成析(xi)氣，如果(guo)(guo)含有(you)負脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)去(qu)極化(hua)(hua)，就(jiu)更(geng)能保證在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)擊穿硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽層(ceng)(ceng)時極板的(de)氣體析(xi)出，這樣(yang)就(jiu)實(shi)現(xian)了脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)消除(chu)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)。從(cong)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)物(wu)理(li)(li)學來說(shuo)，硫(liu)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)具有(you)5個(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)能級(ji)(ji)狀態(tai)，處于(yu)亞穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)能級(ji)(ji)狀態(tai)的(de)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)趨向于(yu)遷落到(dao)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)共價(jia)(jia)健能級(ji)(ji)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)共價(jia)(jia)鍵能級(ji)(ji)狀態(tai)，硫(liu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)包含8個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)環形分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形式(shi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，這8個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)環形分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模式(shi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)組合，難以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)躍(yue)變(bian)和被打碎(sui)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)現(xian)象就(jiu)是(shi)這種穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)能級(ji)(ji)。要打碎(sui)這些硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)結構，就(jiu)要給環形分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)提供(gong)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)能量，促使(shi)(shi)外層(ceng)(ceng)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)帶的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)被激活到(dao)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)高(gao)能帶，使(shi)(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之間(jian)解除(chu)束縛(fu)。每一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)特(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)能級(ji)(ji)都有(you)唯一(yi)(yi)的(de)諧(xie)振(zhen)(zhen)頻率，諧(xie)振(zhen)(zhen)頻率以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外的(de)能量過(guo)(guo)高(gao)會使(shi)(shi)躍(yue)遷的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)狀態(tai)，過(guo)(guo)低能量不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)脫離原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)團的(de)束縛(fu)，這樣(yang)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)修復儀在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)頻率多次變(bian)換(huan)中只要有(you)一(yi)(yi)次與(yu)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產生諧(xie)振(zhen)(zhen)，就(jiu)能使(shi)(shi)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉化(hua)(hua)為溶解于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)自由離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，重(zhong)新(xin)參(can)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)特(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)(ding)條件下(xia)轉換(huan)回活性(xing)物(wu)質。此法(fa)特(te)(te)點，效果(guo)(guo)好操作方便(bian)。但需要有(you)專用(yong)的(de)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，個(ge)(ge)人(ren)用(yong)戶都不(bu)(bu)(bu)具備，需要購買。市場上的(de)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)修復充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)參(can)差(cha)不(bu)(bu)(bu)齊，很多脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)甚(shen)至是(shi)專用(yong)修復儀的(de)脈(mo)(mo)寬比(bi)、占(zhan)空比(bi)、負脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)設計(ji)得并不(bu)(bu)(bu)合理(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能起(qi)到(dao)去(qu)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)的(de)作用(yong)。

大(da)容量鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（以下簡(jian)稱“電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”）是(shi)基站電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)保障。在(zai)(zai)國內出現(xian)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)荒”的(de)時(shi)候，后備電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)可靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)顯得格外重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)。在(zai)(zai)長(chang)三角和珠三角地區(qu)，每周內停三供(gong)四的(de)時(shi)間很多，甚至出現(xian)聽(ting)四供(gong)三更(geng)加嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)局(ju)面。多數處于野(ye)外的(de)基站，其(qi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)難(nan)以保證都是(shi)采用一、二類電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)，這(zhe)樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)可靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)問題(ti)尤其(qi)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)。 雖然目前(qian)的(de)科學技術飛(fei)速發展，近年(nian)鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)發展也比較快(kuai)，基本(ben)上以大(da)型(xing)閥控密(mi)封(feng)式鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)代(dai)替(ti)了防算酸(suan)(suan)隔爆型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。就是(shi)大(da)型(xing)閥控密(mi)封(feng)式鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)近些年(nian)也在(zai)(zai)發展。但是(shi)大(da)容量的(de)固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還是(shi)以鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為唯一的(de)選擇。如何延長(chang)鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)正常使用壽(shou)命，一直是(shi)業(ye)內人士探討的(de)主要(yao)問題(ti)。

相(xiang)同的(de)(de)電池，在(zai)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)設備條件、不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)條件和不(bu)(bu)同維護(hu)條件下使(shi)用(yong)壽命相(xiang)差(cha)很大。這就需要在(zai)設備條件、使(shi)用(yong)條件和維護(hu)條件上尋找其差(cha)異。而電池失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)幾個主要現象是：

a、正極板軟化；

b、正極板(ban)板(ban)柵腐(fu)蝕；

c、負(fu)極板硫化；

d、失水；

e、少數電池出現熱失控(kong)（包(bao)括電池鼓(gu)脹）