一、電抗器的種類有哪些

1、按結構及冷卻介質：分為空(kong)心式(shi)(shi)、鐵(tie)心式(shi)(shi)、干(gan)式(shi)(shi)、油浸(jin)(jin)式(shi)(shi)等，例(li)如：干(gan)式(shi)(shi)空(kong)心電抗(kang)器(qi)、干(gan)式(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)心電抗(kang)器(qi)、油浸(jin)(jin)鐵(tie)心電抗(kang)器(qi)、油浸(jin)(jin)空(kong)心電抗(kang)器(qi)、夾持(chi)式(shi)(shi)干(gan)式(shi)(shi)空(kong)心電抗(kang)器(qi)、繞包式(shi)(shi)干(gan)式(shi)(shi)空(kong)心電抗(kang)器(qi)、水(shui)泥電抗(kang)器(qi)等。

2、按接法：分為并聯電(dian)抗器(qi)和串(chuan)聯電(dian)抗器(qi)。

3、按功能：分為限流和補償。

4、按用途：按具體用途細(xi)分，例(li)如(ru)：限流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、平波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、功率因數補償電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、串聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、接地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、消(xiao)弧線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈、進線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、出線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、飽(bao)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、自飽(bao)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、可(ke)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)（可(ke)調電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、可(ke)控電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)）、軛流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、串聯諧振電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、并(bing)聯諧振電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)等。

二、各類電抗器在電路中的作用

1、串聯電抗器的作用

串聯(lian)電抗(kang)器主要(yao)用來限(xian)制(zhi)短路電流(liu)，也有在濾(lv)波(bo)器中與電容器串聯(lian)或并聯(lian)用來限(xian)制(zhi)電網中的(de)高(gao)次諧波(bo)，串聯(lian)電抗(kang)器通(tong)常(chang)起(qi)限(xian)流(liu)作用。

2、并聯電抗器的作用

并(bing)聯電抗器有改善(shan)電力系統無功(gong)功(gong)率有關運行狀況(kuang)的(de)(de)多種(zhong)功(gong)能(neng)，經常用(yong)于無功(gong)補償(chang)。例如改善(shan)長輸電線路(lu)上的(de)(de)電壓(ya)分(fen)布；用(yong)來吸(xi)收電纜線路(lu)的(de)(de)充電容性無功(gong)；防止發電機(ji)帶長線路(lu)可能(neng)出現的(de)(de)自勵磁諧振現象等(deng)。

3、輸入電抗器的作用

輸入電(dian)(dian)抗器是(shi)用(yong)來(lai)限制電(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)突變和(he)(he)操作過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)引起的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)沖擊(ji)，平滑(hua)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)中包含的(de)尖(jian)峰脈沖，或平滑(hua)橋式整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)換相時產生(sheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)缺(que)陷(xian)，有效地保護(hu)變頻(pin)器和(he)(he)改善(shan)功(gong)率因數，它既能阻(zu)止來(lai)自電(dian)(dian)網的(de)干擾(rao)，又能減少(shao)整流(liu)單元產生(sheng)的(de)諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網的(de)污(wu)染。

4、輸出電抗器的作用

輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器主要作(zuo)用是補償(chang)長線（50-200m）分布電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)影響，并(bing)能抑制輸(shu)(shu)出諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，提高輸(shu)(shu)出高頻(pin)阻抗，有效抑制dv/dt，減(jian)低高頻(pin)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，起到(dao)保(bao)護變頻(pin)器，減(jian)小設備噪聲(sheng)的(de)作(zuo)用。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器在補償(chang)功率的(de)時(shi)候，往往會受到(dao)諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)沖擊，造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器損壞和功率因(yin)數降低，為此，需要在補償(chang)的(de)時(shi)候進行諧(xie)波(bo)治理。

5、直流電抗器的作用

直(zhi)流電抗器接在變頻系(xi)統的(de)(de)直(zhi)流整(zheng)流環節(jie)(jie)與逆(ni)變環節(jie)(jie)之(zhi)間，主要用途是將疊(die)加在直(zhi)流電流上的(de)(de)交流分量限定在某一規定值(zhi)，保(bao)持整(zheng)流電流連續(xu)，減(jian)小電流脈沖(chong)值(zhi)，使逆(ni)變環節(jie)(jie)運行(xing)更穩(wen)定及改善變頻器的(de)(de)功率因數(shu)。

6、濾波電抗器的作用

濾波(bo)電(dian)抗器(qi)廣泛(fan)用(yong)于高低壓濾波(bo)柜中(zhong)(zhong)，與濾波(bo)電(dian)容器(qi)相串聯，調諧至某一(yi)諧振頻(pin)率，用(yong)來吸收電(dian)網中(zhong)(zhong)相應頻(pin)率的諧波(bo)電(dian)流，以消除高次諧波(bo)對主變及系統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)其它電(dian)器(qi)設備的危害。

濾波電抗(kang)器(qi)與電容器(qi)相串聯后，不(bu)但能(neng)有效地吸(xi)收電網諧波，而且提高了系統的功率(lv)因數，對(dui)于系統的安(an)全(quan)運行起到(dao)了較大(da)的作(zuo)用。

7、變頻器電抗器的作用

變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器專用電(dian)抗(kang)器通常(chang)安裝在(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器直流調速器的(de)輸入(ru)或輸出端(duan)，可抵制變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器產生的(de)3、5次諧波向電(dian)網(wang)傳遞，減(jian)少變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)產生的(de)諧波對(dui)其他元件的(de)干擾，改善電(dian)網(wang)質量、提高功率因數(shu)并限制電(dian)網(wang)電(dian)壓的(de)異(yi)常(chang)波動和電(dian)網(wang)上的(de)沖擊電(dian)流、平抑(yi)波形、減(jian)少對(dui)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器的(de)影響(xiang)。

8、平波電抗器的作用

平波電抗器在(zai)整流(liu)電路中是個重(zhong)要元件，在(zai)中頻電源(yuan)中主要作用是：

（1）限制短路電(dian)流，（逆變晶閘管換相時同時導通相當于整流橋負(fu)載直接短路）沒有電(dian)抗器就直接短路。

（2）抑制(zhi)中頻分量(liang)對工(gong)頻電網的影響。

（3）濾(lv)波(bo)作用(yong)（整流電(dian)流帶(dai)有交(jiao)(jiao)流成分(fen)；高(gao)頻(pin)交(jiao)(jiao)流不(bu)一(yi)通(tong)過大(da)電(dian)感）使整流輸出波(bo)形連續，如不(bu)連續，就會出現(xian)電(dian)流為零(ling)的時間，這時逆變(bian)橋停止工作，造成整流橋開路的現(xian)象。

（4）并聯逆變電路的輸入功率(lv)有無功分量的吞(tun)吐(tu)，逆變橋(qiao)的輸入電路中必定有儲能的元(yuan)件電抗(kang)器。

9、啟動電抗器的作用

交流(liu)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)，是額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)5—7倍(bei)，因(yin)此(ci)，大(da)(da)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)在(zai)啟動(dong)時，會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網產生(sheng)較大(da)(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降，對線路的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備產生(sheng)較大(da)(da)的(de)影響。通常用降壓的(de)方(fang)法來限(xian)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。降壓啟動(dong)的(de)可(ke)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)線路上串聯啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器，一般(ban)匹配的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)功率在(zai)220KW—4800KW。

10、限流電抗器的作用

當(dang)電(dian)力系統發(fa)生故障時(shi)，用來限制(zhi)饋(kui)線過流的電(dian)抗器。

三、電抗器如何選型

1、電抗器的類型

電抗(kang)器的種(zhong)類(lei)眾多，在選型時需要結合使用場合和實際需求來(lai)選擇合適的電抗(kang)器類(lei)型。

2、額定電壓和額定電流

額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流是電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器選(xuan)(xuan)型的(de)重要參數。常規額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓有220V、380V、660V等，額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流一般是電(dian)(dian)(dian)機額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)1.1倍左右。在實際選(xuan)(xuan)型過程中，需要考慮到(dao)系統(tong)的(de)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，通過比較電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器的(de)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)和實際要求值(zhi)，選(xuan)(xuan)擇峰值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和均值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓均超(chao)過需求的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器，以確保系統(tong)的(de)穩定(ding)(ding)運行。

3、工作溫度

電抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)工作(zuo)溫(wen)度對(dui)其性(xing)能和壽命(ming)(ming)有(you)較大的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。一般來說，電抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)過(guo)載或(huo)長時(shi)(shi)間運行時(shi)(shi)，會產生一定的(de)溫(wen)升(sheng)，而溫(wen)升(sheng)過(guo)高則會影(ying)響(xiang)電抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)性(xing)能和壽命(ming)(ming)。因(yin)此，在(zai)選擇(ze)電抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)，需要結合實際工作(zuo)條件來選擇(ze)具有(you)合適溫(wen)升(sheng)的(de)電抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)。

4、磁性材料

電抗器中的磁性材料對電抗器的性能和壽命具有很大影響。一般來說，電抗器中所使(shi)用的(de)(de)磁性(xing)材料需要具有較(jiao)好的(de)(de)耐高(gao)溫、耐腐蝕、大磁導(dao)率等性(xing)質(zhi)，以滿足復雜的(de)(de)工作環(huan)境(jing)。在選(xuan)型(xing)時需要選(xuan)擇具有較(jiao)好性(xing)能和質(zhi)量(liang)可靠的(de)(de)磁性(xing)材料的(de)(de)電抗器。