電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年，壽命長短(duan)與(yu)用戶的日(ri)常使用維護有很大的關系。

該圖片由注冊用戶"妮子的文字"提供，版權聲明反饋

電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只(zhi)要是鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)池，在(zai)使用的(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)都會硫(liu)化，但其(qi)它領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池卻(que)比電(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)上使用的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池有著更(geng)長的(de)(de)(de)壽命(ming)，這是因(yin)為電(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池有著一(yi)個更(geng)容(rong)易硫(liu)化的(de)(de)(de)工作環境。

①深度放電

用在(zai)汽(qi)車(che)上(shang)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池只是在(zai)點火時(shi)單向放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，點火后發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池自動(dong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池深(shen)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)在(zai)騎行時(shi)不(bu)可能充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，經(jing)常會(hui)超過(guo)60%的(de)(de)深(shen)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，深(shen)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，硫酸鉛(qian)濃(nong)度增(zeng)加(jia)，硫化就會(hui)相當嚴重。

②大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車20公里巡航電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般是4A，這(zhe)個(ge)值已經(jing)高于其(qi)它(ta)領(ling)域的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而(er)超速(su)超載的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車的(de)(de)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)就(jiu)更大。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商都進行(xing)過1C充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)70%，2C放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)60%的(de)(de)循環壽命試(shi)驗。經(jing)過這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)壽命試(shi)驗，可達到充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環350次壽命的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)很多，但是實際在用(yong)的(de)(de)效(xiao)果就(jiu)相差甚遠(yuan)了。這(zhe)是因為大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)工作增加了50%的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)會加速(su)硫(liu)化。所(suo)以(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動三(san)輪摩托車的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命更短，因為三(san)輪摩托車的(de)(de)車身(shen)太重(zhong)，工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)達6A以(yi)上。

③充放電頻率高

用在后備供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)領(ling)域的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，只(zhi)有在停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)才會(hui)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如果一年(nian)(nian)停(ting)8次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，要達到10年(nian)(nian)的壽(shou)命，只(zhi)用做到80次循環(huan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壽(shou)命，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車一年(nian)(nian)充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)300次以上很常見(jian)。

④短時充電

由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車是(shi)交通工(gong)具，可(ke)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的時間(jian)不多(duo)，要在8小時內完成36伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)或(huo)48伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的20安時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)就必須提(ti)高(gao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（一般為單節(jie)2.7~2.9伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)），當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超過單節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（2.35伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)）或(huo)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（2.42伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)）時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就會因(yin)過度(du)析氧而(er)開閥排氣，造成失水(shui)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度(du)增加，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的硫化現象加重。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作(zuo)為(wei)交通工(gong)具(ju)，電(dian)動(dong)自行車的充電(dian)及放(fang)電(dian)被完(wan)全分離(li)開來，放(fang)電(dian)后很難有條件及時充電(dian)，而放(fang)電(dian)后形(xing)成的大量硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)如果超(chao)過半(ban)小時不(bu)充電(dian)還原為(wei)氧化鉛(qian)，就會硫(liu)化結成晶體(ti)。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針對(dui)電動自行車用(yong)鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)的(de)特殊(shu)性(xing)，各個電池(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)采取了(le)多種方(fang)法。最典(dian)型的(de)方(fang)法如下：

①增加極板數量。

把(ba)原(yuan)設計的單格5片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)制改為6片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)制，7片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)制，甚至8片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)制。靠減薄極板厚度和隔板，增加極板數量來提高(gao)電(dian)池容量。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原來浮充電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫酸比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)一般(ban)都(dou)在1.21~1.28之間，而電(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫酸比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)一般(ban)都(dou)在1.36～1.38左右，這樣可以(yi)提供(gong)較大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流，提升電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)初期(qi)容(rong)量。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)氧(yang)化鉛就增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了(le)參與放電(dian)的(de)電(dian)化學反應(ying)物質，也就增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了(le)放電(dian)時間，增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了(le)電(dian)池容量。

通過這(zhe)些措施，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)期(qi)容(rong)量(liang)滿足了(le)電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)要求，特(te)別是改(gai)善了(le)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)性。但是，極(ji)(ji)板(ban)增(zeng)加了(le)，硫(liu)酸的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)就(jiu)減少了(le)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發熱導致大量(liang)失水，同時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)微短路(lu)和鉛枝搭橋的(de)(de)(de)概率(lv)增(zeng)加了(le)。提高(gao)硫(liu)酸比重增(zeng)加了(le)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)期(qi)容(rong)量(liang)，但是，硫(liu)化(hua)現象就(jiu)更(geng)嚴重。密封(feng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)最基本原理之一就(jiu)是正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)析氧以后(hou)，氧氣直接到(dao)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)，被負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)吸收而還原為水，考核電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)這(zhe)個技術指標的(de)(de)(de)參數叫做(zuo)“密封(feng)反(fan)應效率(lv)”，這(zhe)種(zhong)現象叫做(zuo)“氧循(xun)環(huan)”。這(zhe)樣，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失水很少，實現了(le)“免維護”，就(jiu)是免加水。

為(wei)此，都要求負(fu)極板容(rong)量做的(de)比正極板容(rong)量大一些(xie)，又(you)稱(cheng)為(wei)負(fu)極過(guo)渡(du)。增(zeng)加正極板活(huo)性(xing)物質必(bi)然使得，負(fu)極過(guo)渡(du)減(jian)少(shao)了，氧循(xun)環變差了，失水增(zeng)加了，又(you)會(hui)(hui)造成硫(liu)化。這些(xie)措施雖然提升了電池的(de)初期容(rong)量，但是(shi)卻(que)(que)會(hui)(hui)造成失水和硫(liu)化，而失水和硫(liu)化又(you)會(hui)(hui)相互促成，最終結果卻(que)(que)是(shi)犧牲電池的(de)壽命。

還有(you)就(jiu)是極(ji)(ji)群組裝虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)問題。容易產(chan)生(sheng)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)的地方是極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)。而(er)(er)每個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的單(dan)格有(you)15片極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)，就(jiu)是15個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)有(you)6個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)單(dan)格，就(jiu)有(you)90個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)組電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)由3個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)12V電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組成(cheng)，就(jiu)有(you)270個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)。如果一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)，該單(dan)格容量就(jiu)下(xia)降，進而(er)(er)該單(dan)格形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落后(hou)(hou)，造(zao)成(cheng)整個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都落后(hou)(hou)，電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)嚴(yan)(yan)重的不均(jun)衡，使這(zhe)(zhe)組電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)前失效(xiao)。就(jiu)算(suan)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)控制在(zai)(zai)萬分之一(yi)，平均(jun)每37組電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)有(you)一(yi)組電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)，這(zhe)(zhe)是絕(jue)對(dui)不能(neng)夠允許的。而(er)(er)鉛鈣(gai)合金(jin)(jin)板(ban)(ban)柵的電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)的時(shi)候會(hui)(hui)析(xi)出鈣(gai)而(er)(er)掩(yan)蓋虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)問題，這(zhe)(zhe)樣，很多電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商寧愿(yuan)采(cai)用(yong)低銻(ti)合金(jin)(jin)的板(ban)(ban)柵而(er)(er)沒有(you)采(cai)用(yong)鉛鈣(gai)合金(jin)(jin)。而(er)(er)低銻(ti)合金(jin)(jin)的板(ban)(ban)柵析(xi)氧析(xi)氫(qing)電壓更低，電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)出氣量大，失水(shui)相對(dui)嚴(yan)(yan)重，電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更容易硫(liu)化。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)數車的(de)控制器(qi)(qi)都(dou)留(liu)了一個線(xian)損(sun)插頭，很多(duo)(duo)經銷商以(yi)去(qu)掉限速(su)(su)來(lai)招攬顧客(ke)。一些車廠干脆就去(qu)掉限速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)出廠，既可以(yi)吸引看重車速(su)(su)的(de)客(ke)戶，也(ye)能降(jiang)低成本，這樣的(de)車在高速(su)(su)行駛時電流(liu)非常(chang)大(da)(da)，會(hui)嚴(yan)重縮短電池壽命(ming)。

12V鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)的最低保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為10.5V，如果是(shi)36V電(dian)池(chi)組，最低保(bao)留(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就是(shi)31.5V，目前大多(duo)數車廠采(cai)用(yong)的控制(zhi)器欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也都是(shi)31.5V。表面上看這是(shi)正確的，但是(shi)，實際當36V電(dian)池(chi)組只剩下31.5V電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時，由于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)存在(zai)容量差，肯定就會有一個電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低于(yu)10.5V，該(gai)電(dian)池(chi)就處于(yu)過放電(dian)狀態。

這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)候，過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量急(ji)劇下降，這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)損傷影響不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)該單只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，而是(shi)影響整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命。其實，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低于32V以后(hou)一直到27V，所增(zeng)加的(de)續(xu)行能(neng)力不(bu)到2公里，而對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)損傷卻(que)非常大。只要出(chu)現這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)情況10次，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量就(jiu)會低于標稱容量的(de)70%。

另外(wai)，一些用(yong)戶(hu)發現電池在欠壓以后(hou)，過10分鐘，電池又不(bu)欠壓了，就又采(cai)取給電行駛，這對(dui)(dui)電池破(po)壞更(geng)大，而大多數(shu)(shu)車的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)明書沒(mei)有給用(yong)戶(hu)以警示。目前多數(shu)(shu)控制(zhi)器內部都有可調的(de)(de)(de)(de)電位(wei)器，而這個可調的(de)(de)(de)(de)電位(wei)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)動漂移是比較嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在價格競爭中，面對(dui)(dui)更(geng)注重車外(wai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu)群，很(hen)少(shao)有產品(pin)采(cai)用(yong)抗振(zhen)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)密多圈電位(wei)器，這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)器發生振(zhen)動后(hou)漂移也不(bu)奇(qi)怪。

5、充電設備的原因

業界廣為(wei)流(liu)傳的(de)(de)一句話就(jiu)是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不是用壞的(de)(de)，是充壞的(de)(de)。為(wei)了(le)(le)滿(man)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)短時(shi)高(gao)容(rong)量(liang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在三(san)段式恒壓限流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，不得(de)不通過提高(gao)恒壓值(zhi)到2.47V～2.49V。這樣(yang)，大大超過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極板析(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和負(fu)極板析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。一些充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器制造商的(de)(de)產(chan)品為(wei)了(le)(le)降低充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的(de)(de)指示，提高(gao)了(le)(le)恒壓轉(zhuan)浮(fu)充的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而使(shi)得(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示充滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后，還(huan)沒有充滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)靠提高(gao)浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓來(lai)彌(mi)補。這樣(yang)，很多充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超過單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓2.35V，這樣(yang)在浮(fu)充階段還(huan)在大量(liang)析(xi)氧。

而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)氧循(xun)(xun)環又不好，這(zhe)樣在(zai)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)階段也在(zai)不斷的(de)(de)排氣(qi)。恒壓值高(gao)了，保證了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)，但是犧(xi)牲(sheng)的(de)(de)是失水和(he)硫化(hua)。恒壓值低了，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量又難以保證。在(zai)改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板柵合金、提(ti)高(gao)析氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位、改善氧循(xun)(xun)環性能(neng)，提(ti)高(gao)密(mi)封反(fan)應效(xiao)率的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)，控制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)高(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在(zai)2.42V以下，也就(jiu)(jiu)是在(zai)析氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位以下。這(zhe)樣做(zuo)必然(ran)會導致充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)延(yan)長(chang)，這(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)必須在(zai)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)狀態下，加入去極化(hua)的(de)(de)負(fu)脈沖(chong)，改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)受能(neng)力，在(zai)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時候多充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，縮短充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)。70%的(de)(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)受能(neng)力比較(jiao)大的(de)(de)時候，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)采用(yong)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷(shang)比較(jiao)小(xiao)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)基(ji)本上(shang)(shang)沒有高(gao)于嚴重析氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

一旦高于析氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)也會快速的(de)(de)失水。使用(yong)(yong)這類充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，必須(xu)采用(yong)(yong)連(lian)續充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)，如(ru)果(guo)中途停(ting)止幾天充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)會產生比(bi)較嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)硫化而提前失效。而用(yong)(yong)戶使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，是(shi)(shi)無法保證(zheng)每次(ci)使用(yong)(yong)以(yi)后，都能夠及(ji)時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)，一年以(yi)內發生數次(ci)沒有(you)(you)(you)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫化就(jiu)會積(ji)累。多數充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造商都說車廠(chang)因為價格因素不接受可以(yi)保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。應(ying)該承認，這是(shi)(shi)大多數小企業(ye)是(shi)(shi)如(ru)此(ci)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)，有(you)(you)(you)發展的(de)(de)、規模性大企業(ye)確實(shi)出高價也買不到(dao)好(hao)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。一些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造商把某些功(gong)能夸(kua)大，成品的(de)(de)功(gong)效沒有(you)(you)(you)其宣(xuan)傳的(de)(de)那(nei)樣好(hao)。還有(you)(you)(you)不少功(gong)能是(shi)(shi)屬于賣概念(nian)的(de)(de)功(gong)能，實(shi)效有(you)(you)(you)限。

6、其它原因

不(bu)少電(dian)池(chi)在單體測試中，可以獲得(de)比較好的結果，但是，對(dui)于串(chuan)連電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)來說(shuo)，由于容量、開路(lu)電(dian)壓、荷電(dian)狀態、硫(liu)化程(cheng)度各(ge)不(bu)相同，這個(ge)差異會(hui)在串(chuan)連電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)被擴大，狀態差的單體會(hui)影響整組(zu)電(dian)池(chi)，其(qi)壽命明(ming)顯下降(jiang)。

從電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)生產線上充電(dian)，到(dao)用戶購車后配(pei)車使用這段(duan)時間(jian)要經過很多環節(jie)，間(jian)隔時間(jian)甚至會長達數月，在(zai)(zai)這期間(jian)，由于沒對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)補充電(dian)，自放電(dian)產生的(de)硫酸鉛大(da)量堆積(ji)結晶，用戶剛買到(dao)的(de)新電(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)能是(shi)已經老化甚至報費(fei)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)廠(chang)家在執行(xing)質保時，對回收電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)并不(bu)是完(wan)全(quan)的淘汰。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)返退(tui)(tui)以(yi)后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商(shang)重(zhong)新進行(xing)充放電(dian)(dian)檢驗(yan)，在檢驗(yan)中(zhong)往往會(hui)發現有60%以(yi)上的單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是不(bu)符合返退(tui)(tui)條件的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。其原因也就是在串連電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組中(zhong)，個(ge)別(bie)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)落(luo)后形(xing)成整組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)功(gong)能下降(jiang)而引起整組返退(tui)(tui)。不(bu)少電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商(shang)對返退(tui)(tui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)采取配組、補水、除硫(liu)、包(bao)裝后，又重(zhong)新提供(gong)(gong)給用(yong)戶，以(yi)提高電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的有效使用(yong)壽命，降(jiang)低報(bao)廢率，減(jian)少電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商(shang)的部分理索賠的損(sun)失，所以(yi)，很多經(jing)(jing)銷商(shang)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)感覺(jue)到廠(chang)家提供(gong)(gong)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)明顯(xian)“一(yi)代(dai)不(bu)如一(yi)代(dai)”。

電動車(che)電池如果使用得當，普通電池使用3年(nian)左右問(wen)題不大(da)，反之，使用壽命(ming)大(da)大(da)減短。因此，消費者日常對(dui)電動車(che)電池的保(bao)養是決定電動車(che)電池壽命(ming)的關鍵所在。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對(dui)于(yu)電池和充電的注意事(shi)項，我們(men)分成(cheng)兩類：絕對(dui)不允許（禁止）和最(zui)好不要（建(jian)議）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁將(jiang)電池(chi)的正負極短(duan)路

2、禁止經(jing)常使(shi)用(yong)到欠壓(ya)保護電路起作用(yong)的時候才充電

3、禁止經常在未充(chong)滿電的(de)情況下拔下充(chong)電器的(de)電源來(lai)使用電動車

4、禁止閑置時間過(guo)長（不得超過(guo)三天，且所剩(sheng)電量(liang)應大于40%），禁止虧電存(cun)放

5、如果發(fa)現連續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)10小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)后(hou)還(huan)沒有轉燈，應(ying)馬(ma)上(shang)停止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)池的溫(wen)度是否(fou)發(fa)燙(tang)。會(hui)的話應(ying)該盡早送修，無(wu)法立(li)即(ji)送修者，應(ying)控制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)總(zong)時(shi)間(jian)不超過(guo)8小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)，否(fou)則電(dian)(dian)池將會(hui)因(yin)膨脹變形而損壞。

不轉燈原因有三：

一：充(chong)電器(qi)參數(shu)不(bu)匹配(pei)，產生漂移；

二：線路問題；

三：是電池因素：失水，電池內(nei)部有單(dan)格短路，硫化較為嚴重。

排查方法：

1、檢查充電(dian)器是(shi)(shi)否損壞，充電(dian)參數是(shi)(shi)否符(fu)合(he)要求（有的人用(yong)48V的充電(dian)器來充36V的電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)），看(kan)是(shi)(shi)否電(dian)壓偏(pian)(pian)高（14.8V/個以上的）或涓(juan)流轉換電(dian)流偏(pian)(pian)低

2、檢(jian)查充(chong)電(dian)回(hui)路保險絲是否接觸(chu)良(liang)好(hao)，保險絲座有無燒焦痕跡，檢(jian)查連(lian)線插接頭(tou)接觸(chu)是否良(liang)好(hao)，包含充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)插頭(tou)的(de)車上的(de)插座。

3、查看電(dian)池內部是(shi)否有干涸現象(xiang)，即電(dian)池是(shi)否缺液嚴(yan)重。干涸的電(dian)池應補加純水或1.05g/cm3的稀硫酸，進(jin)行維護充放電(dian)進(jin)行修(xiu)復，同時測量(liang)單格(ge)(ge)電(dian)壓(ya)，看是(shi)否有單格(ge)(ge)短路(lu)的存在。

4、還(huan)應檢(jian)查(cha)極板是(shi)否存在不(bu)可(ke)逆硫(liu)酸鹽化。硫(liu)化嚴重(zhong)的話，內阻增大(da)，充(chong)電就(jiu)會引起嚴重(zhong)發熱。

5、極(ji)板的不(bu)可逆(ni)硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)化(hua)，可通過充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)測量其端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的變(bian)化(hua)來判定。在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升特(te)別快，某些單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓特(te)別高，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下降特(te)別快。出(chu)現(xian)上述情況(kuang)，可判斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)池出(chu)現(xian)不(bu)可逆(ni)硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)化(hua)。如果發現(xian)有(you)不(bu)可逆(ni)硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)化(hua)，應進(jin)行均衡(heng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)進(jin)行修復。

6、禁止(zhi)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)放電(dian)電(dian)流超過(guo)額定容量150%，也(ye)就是如果是6-DZM-10（常(chang)說的(de)(de)(de)那種12AH的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)）的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)，它的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)放電(dian)電(dian)流為(wei)10×150%＝15A，如果是6-DZM-17的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)它的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)電(dian)流大(da)(da)為(wei)17×150%約(yue)為(wei)25A,如果是20AH的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)最大(da)(da)放電(dian)電(dian)流為(wei)30A。這樣也(ye)同樣的(de)(de)(de)限制了控制器限流值的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小

建議：

1、最好不(bu)要在未充滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情況下(xia)(xia)拔下(xia)(xia)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)來(lai)使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車。還有應注意的(de)(de)是(shi)：

轉燈并不表示(shi)此時的電池已經充滿電，差不多只有95%－99%，需(xu)要繼(ji)續浮充2－3個小時來把它充滿。

2、做到及時充(chong)電，閑置時間最好不(bu)超過12個小時，同時應增(zeng)加相應浮充(chong)的時間。

3、使用量較少者，最好使用到50%－80%后再充電，有(you)利于延長電池使用壽命。

4、在電(dian)池使用一(yi)年后(hou)，每(mei)間隔(ge)2個月，最好恒(heng)流充電(dian)一(yi)次，電(dian)流大小為(wei)C／15，時間20小時。

5、少拉重物，速度不要開得太(tai)快，減小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

6、緩(huan)慢加(jia)速，減(jian)小大電流對電池，控制器及電機的沖擊。