一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是由電(dian)瓶，即蓄電(dian)池(chi)提供電(dian)能(neng)的。電(dian)動車蓄電(dian)池(chi)常(chang)出(chu)現硫化現象。

1、何為硫化

蓄電池內(nei)部(bu)極板的(de)(de)表(biao)面上(shang)附著(zhu)一(yi)層白色堅硬的(de)(de)結(jie)晶體，充電后依舊不能剝離極板表(biao)面轉化(hua)為活性物質的(de)(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛，這就是硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽化(hua)，簡稱為“硫化(hua)”。

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2、硫化表象

電池內阻增大(da)(da)，充(chong)電(dian)較未硫化前電(dian)壓提前到達(da)充(chong)電(dian)終止電(dian)壓，電(dian)流(liu)越(yue)大(da)(da)越(yue)明(ming)顯。酸(suan)液密度低于正常值。放電(dian)容量下降(jiang)，放電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)越(yue)大(da)(da)容量下降(jiang)越(yue)明(ming)顯。充(chong)電(dian)時有產生氣泡，充(chong)電(dian)溫升增快(kuai)，嚴重時可導致充(chong)不進電(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根據(ju)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的雙硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽化(hua)論，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)每(mei)次放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，正(zheng)(zheng)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)的不(bu)(bu)同活性(xing)物質(zhi)均(jun)轉變為硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后各自還原回(hui)不(bu)(bu)同的活性(xing)物質(zhi)。而經常(chang)過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、低溫大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)及時、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足、酸(suan)(suan)液密度(du)(du)過(guo)高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部缺水(shui)、長期(qi)擱(ge)置(zhi)時，極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)表(biao)面的硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛堆積(ji)過(guo)量且在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中(zhong)溶(rong)解(jie)，呈飽(bao)和狀態，這(zhe)些硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛微粒在(zai)溫度(du)(du)、酸(suan)(suan)濃(nong)度(du)(du)的波動下(xia)，重(zhong)新結(jie)(jie)晶析出(chu)在(zai)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)表(biao)面。由于(yu)(yu)多晶體(ti)系傾(qing)向(xiang)于(yu)(yu)減小其表(biao)面自由能(neng)的結(jie)(jie)果，重(zhong)組(zu)析出(chu)后的結(jie)(jie)晶呈增大(da)(da)、增厚趨勢。由于(yu)(yu)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛是(shi)難溶(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)，重(zhong)組(zu)后的結(jie)(jie)晶體(ti)其比(bi)表(biao)面積(ji)減小，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中(zhong)的溶(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)和溶(rong)解(jie)速度(du)(du)降低。硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛附著在(zai)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)表(biao)面和微孔中(zhong)阻礙了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)擴散反映，且硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛電(dian)(dian)(dian)導不(bu)(bu)良阻值大(da)(da)，致使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)歐姆極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)、濃(nong)差極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)增大(da)(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接受率降低，在(zai)活性(xing)物質(zhi)尚未充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)分轉化(hua)時已達(da)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓產生水(shui)分解(jie)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)迅(xun)速升溫使充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)繼續下(xia)去進而活性(xing)物質(zhi)轉化(hua)不(bu)(bu)完全，因而成(cheng)為容量降低和壽(shou)命縮短(duan)的原因。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每次放電(dian)(dian)后(hou)及時(shi)(shi)補(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)且要(yao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)，尤其是大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)后(hou)一(yi)定要(yao)及時(shi)(shi)補(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。在(zai)小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)盡量控(kong)制放電(dian)(dian)深度，小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)深放電(dian)(dian)產生的(de)硫酸鉛過(guo)于(yu)(yu)致密，放電(dian)(dian)后(hou)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)采(cai)取小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。對于(yu)(yu)低(di)溫大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)后(hou)，要(yao)采(cai)取多充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)量百分之三十來恢復容量。長期擱置的(de)電(dian)(dian)池,要(yao)先充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)后(hou)再擱置，在(zai)擱置每兩個月適(shi)當補(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)一(yi)次。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已(yi)硫(liu)化電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，可以(yi)(yi)先將電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)，倒出(chu)原(yuan)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)并注入密度在(zai)1.10g/cm3以(yi)(yi)下較稀(xi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)，即向電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中加水稀(xi)釋(shi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)，以(yi)(yi)提高(gao)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)的(de)溶解(jie)度。采(cai)用(yong)20h率以(yi)(yi)下的(de)電(dian)(dian)流，在(zai)液(ye)(ye)溫不超過20℃～40℃的(de)范圍內較長時間(jian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，最后(hou)在(zai)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)情況下用(yong)稍高(gao)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)調整電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)密度至(zhi)標準溶液(ye)(ye)濃度，一般硫(liu)化現象(xiang)可解(jie)除，容量(liang)恢復(fu)至(zhi)80%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)可認為(wei)修復(fu)成功。

此法機理，用降低酸液密度(du)提高(gao)硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)的溶度(du)積，采取(qu)小電(dian)流(liu)長時間充電(dian)以降低歐姆極(ji)化延緩(huan)水(shui)分(fen)解電(dian)壓的提早出現(xian)，最終使硫(liu)化現(xian)象(xiang)在溶解和轉化為活(huo)性物質(zhi)中逐漸減輕或消除。

此(ci)法特點(dian)對于(yu)加水蓄電池比較適用，對于(yu)硫化嚴重現象亦可(ke)反復處理，無須(xu)投(tou)資(zi)設備即可(ke)自行修復，缺(que)點(dian)是過程太繁(fan)瑣(suo)對密封電池不太使(shi)用。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已硫(liu)化(hua)電(dian)池(chi)，采用大電(dian)流(liu)5h率以內(nei)電(dian)流(liu)，對電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)至稍(shao)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)狀(zhuang)態控制液溫不超過(guo)40度為宜，然(ran)后(hou)放電(dian)30%，如此反復(fu)數次可減(jian)輕(qing)和消(xiao)除(chu)硫(liu)化(hua)現象。

此(ci)法機理，用過充電析出氣(qi)體對(dui)極(ji)板表(biao)面輕微硫(liu)化鹽沖刷(shua)，使其脫附溶解并轉化為活性(xing)物質。

此(ci)法特(te)點，對于輕微硫(liu)化可(ke)明顯修復。但對老電池不適(shi)用，因為在析出氣體沖(chong)刷硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)的同時也對正極板的活性物(wu)產生強烈沖(chong)刷，使活性物(wu)質變軟甚至(zhi)脫落。

3、化學修復法

對已硫(liu)化電池(chi)，倒(dao)掉(diao)原(yuan)電解液(ye)，加入純水與硫(liu)酸(suan)鈉、硫(liu)酸(suan)鉀、酒石酸(suan)等物質混合液(ye)，采取正(zheng)常充放電幾次，然后(hou)倒(dao)出(chu)純水加入稍高(gao)密度酸(suan)液(ye)調整電池(chi)內酸(suan)液(ye)至標準液(ye)濃(nong)度，容量恢(hui)復至80%以上可認(ren)為修復成(cheng)功(gong)。

此法(fa)機理，加入的(de)這些(xie)硫酸鹽配(pei)位摻(chan)雜劑，可(ke)與很多(duo)金屬離子(zi)，包括(kuo)硫化(hua)鹽形(xing)成配(pei)位化(hua)合物(wu)。形(xing)成的(de)化(hua)合物(wu)在酸性介質(zhi)中是不(bu)(bu)穩定的(de)，不(bu)(bu)導電的(de)硫化(hua)層將逐步溶解返回到溶液中，使極板硫化(hua)脫(tuo)附溶解。

此法特點，修復效(xiao)率和功效(xiao)高于前兩(liang)種修復方法，缺點太繁(fan)瑣(suo)。

4、脈沖修復

對于硫化電池，可用(yong)一些專用(yong)的脈沖修復儀對電池充放(fang)電數次來消(xiao)除硫化。

此(ci)法(fa)機理，從(cong)固體(ti)(ti)物(wu)理上(shang)來(lai)講，任何絕緣(yuan)(yuan)層在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)足(zu)夠(gou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)都可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)擊(ji)穿。一旦絕緣(yuan)(yuan)層被(bei)擊(ji)穿，就(jiu)會(hui)由絕緣(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)態(tai)轉變為(wei)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。如果(guo)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導差(cha)阻值大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽層施加(jia)瞬間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)擊(ji)穿大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)結晶(jing)。如果(guo)這個高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)足(zu)夠(gou)短，并且進行限流(liu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)打(da)穿硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)下(xia)，控制充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)適當，就(jiu)不(bu)會(hui)引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池析(xi)(xi)氣。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池析(xi)(xi)氣量(liang)(liang)(liang)取決于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小，如果(guo)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寬(kuan)度足(zu)夠(gou)短，占(zhan)空(kong)比(bi)(bi)夠(gou)大(da)，就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)擊(ji)穿粗(cu)大(da)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下(xia)，同時發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)來(lai)不(bu)及形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成析(xi)(xi)氣，如果(guo)含(han)有(you)負(fu)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)去極化(hua)(hua)，就(jiu)更能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)擊(ji)穿硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽層時極板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)(ti)析(xi)(xi)出，這樣就(jiu)實現(xian)了脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)消(xiao)除硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)。從(cong)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)物(wu)理學來(lai)說，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)具(ju)有(you)5個不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級狀(zhuang)態(tai)，處于(yu)(yu)亞穩定(ding)(ding)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級狀(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)趨向于(yu)(yu)遷落到穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)價健能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)價鍵能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級狀(zhuang)態(tai)，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)包含(han)8個原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，這8個原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模式是一種(zhong)穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合，難(nan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)躍變和被(bei)打(da)碎(sui)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)現(xian)象就(jiu)是這種(zhong)穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級。要打(da)碎(sui)這些硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構，就(jiu)要給環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)提供一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，促使外層原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)激活到下(xia)一個高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)帶(dai)，使原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間解除束(shu)縛。每一個特定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級都有(you)唯一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)振頻(pin)率(lv)，諧(xie)振頻(pin)率(lv)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)過(guo)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)會(hui)使躍遷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處于(yu)(yu)不(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，過(guo)低能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)脫離原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)束(shu)縛，這樣脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)儀在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)頻(pin)率(lv)多次(ci)變換中只(zhi)要有(you)一次(ci)與(yu)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)生諧(xie)振，就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)溶(rong)解于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自由離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，重新參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學反應，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)特定(ding)(ding)條件下(xia)轉換回活性(xing)物(wu)質。此(ci)法(fa)特點(dian)，效(xiao)果(guo)好(hao)操作方便。但需要有(you)專用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，個人用戶都不(bu)具(ju)備(bei)，需要購買。市場上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器參差(cha)不(bu)齊，很(hen)多脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器甚至是專用修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)寬(kuan)比(bi)(bi)、占(zhan)空(kong)比(bi)(bi)、負(fu)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)設計得(de)并不(bu)合理不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)起(qi)到去硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。

大容(rong)量鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)（以下簡稱“電(dian)池(chi)(chi)”）是(shi)基站電(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)保障。在國內出現“電(dian)荒(huang)”的(de)(de)(de)時候，后備電(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性顯得格外重(zhong)(zhong)要。在長三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)和珠(zhu)三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)地區，每(mei)周(zhou)內停(ting)三(san)(san)供四(si)的(de)(de)(de)時間很多(duo)，甚至出現聽四(si)供三(san)(san)更加嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)局面。多(duo)數處于野外的(de)(de)(de)基站，其供電(dian)是(shi)難以保證都(dou)是(shi)采用(yong)一、二(er)類電(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)，這樣，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性問(wen)題(ti)(ti)尤其嚴重(zhong)(zhong)。 雖然目前的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學技(ji)術飛(fei)速發(fa)展，近年(nian)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展也比較快，基本上以大型閥控(kong)密封式(shi)(shi)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)代替了防算(suan)酸(suan)隔爆型電(dian)池(chi)(chi)。就是(shi)大型閥控(kong)密封式(shi)(shi)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)近些(xie)年(nian)也在發(fa)展。但是(shi)大容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)固定電(dian)池(chi)(chi)還是(shi)以鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)為唯一的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇。如(ru)何延(yan)長鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)正常使用(yong)壽(shou)命，一直是(shi)業(ye)內人士探討的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。

相(xiang)同的(de)(de)電池，在不(bu)同的(de)(de)設(she)(she)備條件、不(bu)同的(de)(de)使用(yong)條件和不(bu)同維(wei)護條件下使用(yong)壽命(ming)相(xiang)差很(hen)大。這就需要在設(she)(she)備條件、使用(yong)條件和維(wei)護條件上尋找其差異。而電池失效的(de)(de)的(de)(de)幾個主(zhu)要現象是：

a、正極(ji)板軟化；

b、正極板板柵(zha)腐蝕；

c、負極板硫化；

d、失水；

e、少數電(dian)池出現熱(re)失控（包括電(dian)池鼓脹）