電動車電池的分類

電(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)池是影響性能的關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)部件，也(ye)是制約(yue)電(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)(che)(che)發(fa)展(zhan)的關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)。為(wei)適應電(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)(che)(che)的需要，電(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)(che)(che)專用(yong)電(dian)(dian)池的發(fa)展(zhan)也(ye)很(hen)快。那么，各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)(che)(che)中的地位如何(he)？

電動車電池之一：鎳-金屬氫化物蓄電池

此(ci)類(lei)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)比能(neng)量(liang)高，有(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)比功率(lv)，壽(shou)命(ming)長，材(cai)料(liao)來源(yuan)豐富，污染(ran)輕(qing)等優點，被認(ren)(ren)為是應(ying)提倡的(de)(de)(de)輕(qing)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)用蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，但在商(shang)業化的(de)(de)(de)輕(qing)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)上使(shi)用ni—mh蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)還只占很小的(de)(de)(de)比例，主(zhu)要(yao)用于(yu)部分出(chu)口產品。這主(zhu)要(yao)是由于(yu)ni—mh蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)價格貴；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低(di)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)個(ge)數(shu)多(duo)，而且均勻一致(zhi)性(xing)(xing)較差，這限制了蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)實際可使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)。還有(you)(you)鋰離子蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)更優，它的(de)(de)(de)迅速發(fa)展和價格降低(di)對ni—mh蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)(che)(che)上的(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)造成強力(li)的(de)(de)(de)威(wei)脅。因此(ci)認(ren)(ren)為：ni—mh蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)上應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)是暫短的(de)(de)(de)、過渡性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)，將(jiang)來的(de)(de)(de)市場份額(e)是有(you)(you)限的(de)(de)(de)。

電動車電池之二：鋰離子蓄電池和聚合物鋰離子蓄電池

鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)(he)聚合物鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的比(bi)能量更高，有(you)較高的比(bi)功率，壽命長，污染(ran)輕等優點，被認(ren)為是有(you)希望是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。最近不少公司(si)研制(zhi)出10-20ah圓柱形(xing)和(he)(he)(he)方形(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)用鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)(he)聚合物鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，并(bing)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)上(shang)(shang)進行(xing)了試驗，其價格約(yue)每vah要4元人民幣。安全(quan)性及(ji)成熟程度和(he)(he)(he)價格是影響(xiang)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)(he)聚合物鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)上(shang)(shang)應用的主要制(zhi)約(yue)因素。可喜的是今年國內已(yi)有(you)3-4家公司(si)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)用鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)通過了安全(quan)認(ren)證(zheng)。聚合物鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)安全(quan)性比(bi)液態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)好。

因此認(ren)為，對電(dian)動車用(yong)鋰離子(zi)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)聚合(he)物鋰離子(zi)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，應(ying)通過實際考核(he)了解其真實性能和(he)性能價格比(bi)。隨著它們趨向(xiang)成熟，在安全可靠的(de)基礎(chu)上，向(xiang)有經濟能力而需要高性能的(de)客戶(hu)提供(gong)。它們將成為用(yong)于高端電(dian)動自(zi)行車的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，將是繼鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)之(zhi)后(hou)所占(zhan)比(bi)例較大的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)。但(dan)受價格限制，暫(zan)時它們所占(zhan)比(bi)例不會很大。

電動車電池之三：鋅空電池

鋅(xin)空電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)金(jin)屬—空氣電(dian)(dian)池的(de)一(yi)種，屬于半燃料電(dian)(dian)池范疇。它有比能(neng)量高(gao)，原材料豐富，價格(ge)不高(gao)，污(wu)染輕(qing)等(deng)優點，被(bei)認為是(shi)電(dian)(dian)動車用電(dian)(dian)池的(de)有競爭力的(de)候選者。

我國早有(you)研(yan)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)歷史。1970年(nian)(nian)代(dai)曾是高潮(chao)，中(zhong)間有(you)所中(zhong)斷。在1990年(nian)(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)期以色列(lie)efl公司開發(fa)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)后，我國一些有(you)基礎的(de)單(dan)位也開始(shi)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)開發(fa)工作(zuo)(zuo)，研(yan)制(zhi)出60ah的(de)機械可(ke)充(chong)式鋅(xin)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，并裝在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)摩托(tuo)車(che)上成功地行(xing)駛(shi)了(le)200多公里，同時還進行(xing)了(le)鋅(xin)回收的(de)試驗研(yan)究(jiu)工作(zuo)(zuo)。科技部也支(zhi)持過研(yan)制(zhi)動(dong)態電(dian)(dian)(dian)再生的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

電動車電池之四：其他電池（如ni-zn蓄電池、鋅鎳蓄電池和燃料電池）

雖然(ran)它們各(ge)有特點，但都幾乎沒有在(zai)商業化(hua)的輕(qing)型(xing)電動車上使用。這主要是由于價格貴、綜合性能不理(li)想、或(huo)(huo)技術不成熟、或(huo)(huo)受資源、服務配套系統(tong)制約(yue)因素影響(xiang)。

電動車電池之五：閥控鉛酸蓄電池

鉛酸蓄電池是已有100多年歷史的老產品，有些人認為鉛酸蓄電池是落后的產品，在電動自行車應用的前途不大。我們認為這種觀點是不正確。實際上，鉛酸蓄電池在100多年的歷史中一直不斷地在改進提高，有的是革命性的飛躍式提高，近年來我國電動自行車用閥控鉛酸蓄電池的水平有很大提高也是不斷地在改進提高的好例子。現在使用的閥控鉛酸蓄電池因其性能合適、價格便宜、材料來源豐富、技術和制造工藝較成熟、安全可靠等綜合因素，經市場檢驗，考核已成為商業化輕型電動車主要采用的電池，所占份額在95%以上。