沈陽北(bei)陵(ling)公(gong)(gong)園是(shi)沈陽市最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)園。1643年(nian)(清崇德(de)八年(nian))清太宗皇太極和(he)孝端文皇后博爾(er)濟(ji)吉特氏(shi)的(de)(de)陵(ling)墓昭(zhao)(zhao)陵(ling)建成。 1927年(nian),奉天省政(zheng)府將昭(zhao)(zhao)陵(ling)辟為公(gong)(gong)園,因位于(yu)市區北(bei)部,故得(de)此名。清昭(zhao)(zhao)陵(ling)是(shi)清朝第(di)二代開國君主太宗皇太極以及孝端文皇后博爾(er)濟(ji)吉特氏(shi)的(de)(de)陵(ling)墓,占(zhan)地面(mian)積16萬平方米(mi),是(shi)清初“關(guan)外三(san)陵(ling)”中規模最(zui)大(da)(da)、氣勢最(zui)宏偉的(de)(de)一座。位于(yu)沈陽(盛京(jing))古城北(bei)約十華里,因此也稱“北(bei)陵(ling)”,是(shi)清代皇家陵(ling)寢和(he)現(xian)代園林合一的(de)(de)游覽勝地。
園內古(gu)松參天,草木蔥(cong)蘢(long),湖水蕩漾,樓殿威嚴(yan),金瓦奪目,充(chong)分顯示出(chu)皇家陵(ling)園的雄偉、壯麗(li)和現代園林的清(qing)雅、秀美。昭(zhao)陵(ling)除(chu)了葬有帝(di)后外(wai),還葬有關(guan)睢宮宸妃、麟趾宮貴妃、洐慶宮淑(shu)妃等一(yi)批后妃佳麗(li),是清(qing)初關(guan)外(wai)陵(ling)寢中最具代表性(xing)的一(yi)座帝(di)陵(ling),是我國(guo)現存最完整(zheng)的古(gu)代帝(di)王(wang)陵(ling)墓(mu)建筑之一(yi)。
北陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)又(you)稱(cheng)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)昭(zhao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)是清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)朝(chao)第二代(dai)(dai)開國(guo)君主(zhu)太宗皇(huang)太極以及孝端文(wen)皇(huang)后博爾濟吉(ji)特氏的陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓,占地(di)(di)面(mian)積16萬(wan)平(ping)方米,是清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)初“關(guan)(guan)外(wai)三陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”中(zhong)規模最(zui)(zui)大、氣勢最(zui)(zui)宏偉(wei)的一座。位于沈(shen)陽古(gu)城北約十華里,因此也稱(cheng)“北陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”,是清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)代(dai)(dai)皇(huang)家(jia)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢和(he)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)園(yuan)林合一的游覽勝地(di)(di)。園(yuan)內古(gu)松參天,草木蔥蘢,湖水蕩漾,樓殿威嚴,金瓦(wa)奪目,充分顯示出皇(huang)家(jia)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)的雄偉(wei)、壯麗和(he)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)園(yuan)林的清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)雅、秀美。昭(zhao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)除了葬有帝(di)后外(wai),還葬有關(guan)(guan)睢宮(gong)宸妃、麟(lin)趾(zhi)宮(gong)貴妃、洐慶宮(gong)淑(shu)妃等一批后妃佳麗,是清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)初關(guan)(guan)外(wai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢中(zhong)最(zui)(zui)具代(dai)(dai)表性的一座帝(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),是我國(guo)現(xian)存(cun)最(zui)(zui)完整的古(gu)代(dai)(dai)帝(di)王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓建筑之一。
方城(cheng)(cheng)正門稱(cheng)為隆(long)恩(en)門,上(shang)有(you)(you)門樓。方城(cheng)(cheng)四角有(you)(you)角樓。方城(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)(you)隆(long)恩(en)殿、東西配殿、東西晾果房和(he)(he)焚(fen)帛亭。隆(long)恩(en)殿后面有(you)(you)二柱門、石五(wu)供和(he)(he)券(quan)洞(dong)門,券(quan)洞(dong)頂端是(shi)大明樓。方城(cheng)(cheng)之后是(shi)月牙城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)寶(bao)城(cheng)(cheng),在寶(bao)城(cheng)(cheng)中心,上(shang)為寶(bao)頂,下(xia)為地(di)宮。寶(bao)城(cheng)(cheng)后面是(shi)隆(long)業山,登山俯視,陵(ling)園風光可盡收眼底。
昭陵(ling)前(qian)(qian)部在繚墻(qiang)外,參(can)(can)道(dao)兩(liang)(liang)側有華(hua)表(biao)、石(shi)(shi)獅、更(geng)(geng)衣亭(ting)等,而正(zheng)(zheng)中是(shi)牌樓(lou)。牌樓(lou)是(shi)前(qian)(qian)部主體建(jian)(jian)筑,系(xi)青石(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)成,四柱(zhu)三層,雕刻得玲瓏剔透,精(jing)美(mei)無雙,為(wei)(wei)罕(han)見的(de)(de)藝術(shu)珍品。游(you)罷(ba)牌樓(lou),即可至(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)門(men)(men),這是(shi)游(you)中部的(de)(de)開始。正(zheng)(zheng)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)門(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)繚墻(qiang)的(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)南(nan)門(men)(men),層樓(lou)高聳,十分莊嚴,而其兩(liang)(liang)翼所裝飾(shi)的(de)(de)五色琉璃蟠龍壁,因造形(xing)生(sheng)動(dong),更(geng)(geng)引人注(zhu)目。正(zheng)(zheng)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)門(men)(men)內的(de)(de)參(can)(can)道(dao)兩(liang)(liang)旁(pang),有華(hua)表(biao)、石(shi)(shi)獸和大(da)望柱(zhu),它們兩(liang)(liang)兩(liang)(liang)相對。既整飭又(you)肅穆(mu)。石(shi)(shi)獸中最值得欣(xin)賞(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)是(shi)"大(da)白"和"小白"。這兩(liang)(liang)匹石(shi)(shi)馬(ma)形(xing)象(xiang)逼真,栩(xu)栩(xu)若生(sheng),據說(shuo)是(shi)以(yi)墓主生(sheng)前(qian)(qian)最愛(ai)騎的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)匹駿(jun)馬(ma)為(wei)(wei)原型雕琢而成。欣(xin)賞(shang)(shang)罷(ba)石(shi)(shi)馬(ma),即可至(zhi)(zhi)碑亭(ting)。碑亭(ting)與正(zheng)(zheng)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)門(men)(men)相對,為(wei)(wei)頌(song)揚墓主而建(jian)(jian),里面所豎碑稱"昭陵(ling)神功圣德碑"。出(chu)碑亭(ting)即至(zhi)(zhi)隆恩門(men)(men)。隆恩門(men)(men)是(shi)方城的(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)南(nan)門(men)(men),與碑亭(ting)相對。方城為(wei)(wei)后部它建(jian)(jian)造得如同城池一般(ban),位于(yu)繚墻(qiang),仿佛是(shi)城中之城。
游(you)(you)方城先要游(you)(you)隆(long)恩(en)殿(dian)(dian)。隆(long)恩(en)殿(dian)(dian)居于(yu)方城中心(xin),前有隆(long)恩(en)門,后有明樓(lou),左(zuo)右(you)有配(pei)殿(dian)(dian),四隅有角樓(lou),猶如眾星拱月一(yi)(yi)般(ban),故(gu)顯得異常(chang)雄(xiong)偉。隆(long)恩(en)殿(dian)(dian)以雕(diao)(diao)刻精(jing)美的(de)(de)花崗巖臺階為底座,以金光閃(shan)閃(shan)的(de)(de)黃琉璃瓦為屋(wu)頂,再加上(shang)畫棟(dong)雕(diao)(diao)梁、金匾紅(hong)墻,故(gu)又顯得異常(chang)華麗。隆(long)恩(en)殿(dian)(dian)后經過(guo)明樓(lou),即(ji)可至寶(bao)(bao)城。寶(bao)(bao)城在方城北端,為月牙(ya)形。寶(bao)(bao)城又稱寶(bao)(bao)頂,其下(xia)即(ji)地宮,安(an)置著(zhu)墓(mu)主夫婦的(de)(de)棺槨和陪(pei)葬品。登上(shang)寶(bao)(bao)頂,向四下(xia)一(yi)(yi)望,綠樹環合,景色清幽,宛若(ruo)置身于(yu)城市山林中,一(yi)(yi)種恬(tian)適之感油然而生。
民國十(shi)六年(nian)五月(1927年(nian)),以陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢(qin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心辟為(wei)(wei)(wei)“北陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,如今(jin)占地面積332萬平方米(mi)(mi)。其總體規劃是以陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢(qin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心,分(fen)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢(qin)、陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)前和(he)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)后三部分(fen)。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)的(de)(de)自然(ran)景觀(guan)千姿百(bai)態,五彩繽(bin)紛,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芳(fang)秀園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是北陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),總面積4萬平方米(mi)(mi),種植了近(jin)200種植物,呈,各具(ju)特(te)色。初春櫻花盛開,滿(man)(man)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)飄香(xiang);盛夏荷花競放(fang),柳(liu)浪聞鶯;深秋滿(man)(man)山(shan)紅葉(xie),層林(lin)盡(jin)染;寒冬銀裝(zhuang)素裹,蒼(cang)松挺拔。縱觀(guan)整個園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin),春有花,夏有陰,秋有果,冬有青,奇(qi)花異石,小橋流水(shui),頗(po)有江南之秀。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)建(jian)(jian)筑與景觀(guan)巧妙(miao)結(jie)合,用中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國傳統園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)建(jian)(jian)筑藝(yi)術(shu)將自然(ran)美(mei)和(he)人工美(mei)合為(wei)(wei)(wei)一體,構(gou)成(cheng)了一幅天(tian)然(ran)畫卷,吸引大量的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)游客來此參觀(guan)。北陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)擁有30萬平方米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)人工湖水(shui)面,夏天(tian)碧波蕩漾,柳(liu)岸成(cheng)蔭,乘(cheng)坐腳踏船、快艇觀(guan)光游玩,泛舟湖上,別有一番情趣。現在北陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)已(yi)是聞名中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)的(de)(de)旅游景區。現為(wei)(wei)(wei)國家重點文物保護單位(wei)。
昭陵的(de)另(ling)一特色是(shi)漫漫數里的(de)古(gu)松群。現存古(gu)松二千余(yu)棵,松齡(ling)達三百(bai)多(duo)年(nian),搖曳(ye)挺拔(ba),參天敝日。這些(xie)蒼翠的(de)陵松在金瓦(wa)紅墻中(zhong)構成(cheng)昭陵又一壯麗景觀,其中(zhong)的(de)“神樹(shu)(shu)”、“鳳凰(huang)樹(shu)(shu)”、“夫妻樹(shu)(shu)”、“姐妹樹(shu)(shu)”、“龜樹(shu)(shu)”等更是(shi)別具(ju)特色。
北陵(ling)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)門(men)(men)票(piao)6元(yuan)。昭陵(ling)門(men)(men)票(piao)旺季(ji)(4月(yue)1日(ri)-10月(yue)31日(ri))50元(yuan),學生票(piao)30元(yuan);淡季(ji)(11月(yue)1日(ri)-次年3月(yue)31日(ri))30元(yuan),學生票(piao)20元(yuan);60-70周歲老人10元(yuan);身高1.3米以下兒童(tong)及70周歲以上老人免(mian)(mian)票(piao)。昭陵(ling)在北陵(ling)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)內,如果在公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)門(men)(men)口(kou)處買昭陵(ling)門(men)(men)票(piao)則可免(mian)(mian)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)門(men)(men)票(piao)。
地鐵
市內可乘坐地鐵2號(hao)線至“北(bei)陵公(gong)園(yuan)”站(zhan)下,沿泰山路往東走三(san)百米(mi)即(ji)到公(gong)園(yuan)大(da)門。
公交車
乘坐公(gong)交(jiao)136、205、210、213、217、220、227、231、393、398、800、旅游觀光(guang)一(yi)線(xian)等至(zhi)“北陵公(gong)園”站下(xia)即是(shi)。
昭(zhao)(zhao)陵(ling)(ling)始建(jian)(jian)于清崇德八年(nian)至順治(zhi)八年(nian)基本(ben)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng),后歷(li)經多次改(gai)建(jian)(jian)和(he)增修(xiu)而呈現現在(zai)的(de)規模(mo)。陵(ling)(ling)寢建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)平(ping)面(mian)布局遵循“前(qian)朝后寢”的(de)陵(ling)(ling)寢原則(ze)自南向(xiang)北(bei)由前(qian)、中(zhong)、后三個部(bu)(bu)(bu)分組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng),其主體建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)都建(jian)(jian)在(zai)中(zhong)軸(zhou)線上,兩側對稱排列,系仿自明(ming)朝皇(huang)陵(ling)(ling)而又具有滿族陵(ling)(ling)寢的(de)特(te)點。昭(zhao)(zhao)陵(ling)(ling)全陵(ling)(ling)占地18萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)米,共分三大(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分。由南至北(bei)依次為:前(qian)部(bu)(bu)(bu),從(cong)下馬碑(bei)到正紅門,包(bao)括華表、石(shi)獅、石(shi)牌坊、更(geng)衣(yi)廳(ting)、宰(zai)牲廳(ting);中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu),從(cong)正紅門到方(fang)城,包(bao)括華表、石(shi)象生、碑(bei)樓(lou)和(he)祭祀用房;后部(bu)(bu)(bu),是(shi)方(fang)城、月牙城和(he)寶(bao)城,這是(shi)陵(ling)(ling)寢的(de)主體。