簡介
天寧(ning)寺(si)舊(jiu)址(zhi)旁位于寧(ning)波海曙區(qu)中山西(xi)路206號(hao)的“咸(xian)(xian)通塔(ta)(ta)(ta)”,因塔(ta)(ta)(ta)磚上“咸(xian)(xian)通四年(863年)造(zao)此磚記”銘文,故又稱(cheng)咸(xian)(xian)通塔(ta)(ta)(ta),俗稱(cheng)烏龜(gui)塔(ta)(ta)(ta),建于唐朝,原舊(jiu)址(zhi)靠近咸(xian)(xian)通塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。
天寧(ning)寺(si),根(gen)據(ju)“勒(le)修浙江通(tong)志”記(ji)載,天寧(ning)寺(si),始建(jian)于唐大中五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)851年(nian)(nian)(nian)),原名(ming)(ming)叫“國寧(ning)寺(si)”;宋崇寧(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1103年(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)名(ming)(ming)為“崇寧(ning)萬(wan)壽(shou)(shou)”;政和(he)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1111年(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)名(ming)(ming)為“天寧(ning)萬(wan)壽(shou)(shou)”;紹興七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1137年(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)名(ming)(ming)“報恩(en)廣孝”同年(nian)(nian)(nian)又(you)改(gai)名(ming)(ming)“報恩(en)光(guang)孝”而(er)后又(you)改(gai)名(ming)(ming)“天寧(ning)報恩(en)”;寺(si)名(ming)(ming)數易(yi),至民國初改(gai)稱天寧(ning)寺(si)。在(zai)宋建(jian)炎年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1127年(nian)(nian)(nian)-1130年(nian)(nian)(nian))寺(si)院(yuan)發生火(huo)災,元(yuan)的至元(yuan)十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1182年(nian)(nian)(nian))再次(ci)發生火(huo)災,在(zai)至大二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1309年(nian)(nian)(nian))被倭寇燒毀(hui),康熙二(er)十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)也遭遇火(huo)災,同五十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)僧明(ming)文重建(jian),而(er)后又(you)損毀(hui)。
原寺前(qian)面有(you)天王殿,三(san)間六面累層門人型屋頂,中央有(you)彌勒佛像,后兩側(ce)有(you)有(you)四大天王;東側(ce)有(you)鐘(zhong)樓,正面有(you)大雄(xiong)寶(bao)殿內設(she)有(you)“釋(shi)迦三(san)尊像”,僧房再其左右兩側(ce)。鐘(zhong)樓為兩層建筑,上層有(you)鐘(zhong)樓,下層設(she)有(you)“幽冥(ming)教(jiao)主”。
寺前原建有左(zuo)右(you)兩塔,左(zuo)塔于清光緒(xu)年間崩,現存者(zhe)為右(you)塔。系五層樓閣式磚塔,平(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)方形,占地(di)面(mian)(mian)積9平(ping)方米(mi),殘(can)高12米(mi)。單層塔壁,中(zhong)空。立面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)拋物線狀。平(ping)磚與(yu)菱角牙子疊澀(se)出(chu)檐(yan),檐(yan)出(chu)較遠。內(nei)部(bu)筒(tong)形。底層有拱(gong)門,原可能堆塑火焰門。二層起四面(mian)(mian)均有佛龕。為浙江省(sheng)現存年代比較久的(de)一座(zuo)唐塔。
歷史
天(tian)寧(ning)寺(si)(si)始建于唐太中五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(851年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),原名(ming)(ming)國寧(ning)寺(si)(si),宋宗寧(ning)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1106年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))改名(ming)(ming)為崇寧(ning)萬(wan)壽(shou)寺(si)(si),改和(he)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1111年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))更改名(ming)(ming)為大寧(ning)萬(wan)壽(shou)寺(si)(si),建炎年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian),毀(hui)于戰(zhan)火,不久(jiu)重(zhong)建。元(yuan)至大二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1309年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))為倭(wo)寇所毀(hui),后又重(zhong)建。明洪武十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1382年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))改為天(tian)寧(ning)禪寺(si)(si)。民(min)國初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),改稱“天(tian)寧(ning)寺(si)(si)”。
寺(si)前(qian)原(yuan)建有東西(xi)(xi)兩塔(ta),東塔(ta)已于(yu)清光(guang)緒年(nian)間崩塌。1995年(nian)配合中(zhong)山改造對東塔(ta)基(ji)進行(xing)了(le)考(kao)古(gu),發(fa)(fa)掘出(chu)殘塔(ta)基(ji)。現存者為天寧寺(si)的西(xi)(xi)塔(ta)。原(yuan)因塔(ta)磚(zhuan)上有正書(shu)“咸(xian)通(tong)四年(nian)(863年(nian))造此磚(zhuan)紀”之銘文,1995年(nian)在西(xi)(xi)塔(ta)組修時,又發(fa)(fa)現了(le)許多咸(xian)通(tong)年(nian)間的塔(ta)磚(zhuan)。故有“成通(tong)塔(ta)”之稱,由于(yu)該塔(ta)比較矮小,又形似烏(wu)龜(gui),所以俗稱“烏(wu)龜(gui)塔(ta)”。
天(tian)(tian)寧(ning)寺塔(ta)系(xi)(xi)磚(zhuan)結構,立(li)面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)(cheng)拋物線狀.平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)(cheng)正方(fang)(fang)形(xing),每(mei)邊(bian)長(chang)約3.20米,共(gong)五層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),逐(zhu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)收縮。每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)用(yong)磚(zhuan)疊澀(se)出(chu)檐(yan)(yan),出(chu)檐(yan)(yan)較(jiao)遠,有(you)別(bie)于北方(fang)(fang)常見的唐(tang)塔(ta)。塔(ta)內部(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)筒形(xing),底(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)四(si)(si)(si)面(mian)(mian)均(jun)開(kai)設壺門,以(yi)上每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)四(si)(si)(si)壁(bi)均(jun)設有(you)龕。塔(ta)高約12米,壁(bi)厚約o.76米,占地(di)面(mian)(mian)積為10.42平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)米。因塔(ta)磚(zhuan)上“咸(xian)通四(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(863年(nian))造此磚(zhuan)記”銘文,故又稱咸(xian)通塔(ta),俗稱烏龜塔(ta)。天(tian)(tian)寧(ning)寺原名國(guo)(guo)寧(ning)寺,始建(jian)于唐(tang)大中(zhong)五年(nian)(851年(nian)),至民(min)國(guo)(guo)初(chu)改稱天(tian)(tian)寧(ning)寺,已(yi)毀。寺前原建(jian)有(you)左右兩塔(ta),左塔(ta)于清(qing)光(guang)緒年(nian)間崩(beng),現存(cun)者為右塔(ta)。系(xi)(xi)五層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)樓閣式磚(zhuan)塔(ta),平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)(fang)形(xing),占地(di)面(mian)(mian)積9平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)米,殘高12米。單(dan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)塔(ta)壁(bi),中(zhong)空。立(li)面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)(cheng)拋物線狀。平(ping)(ping)磚(zhuan)與菱角牙子(zi)疊澀(se)出(chu)檐(yan)(yan),檐(yan)(yan)出(chu)較(jiao)遠。內部(bu)筒形(xing)。底(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)有(you)拱門,原可能堆塑火焰(yan)門。二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)起四(si)(si)(si)面(mian)(mian)均(jun)有(you)佛龕。為浙(zhe)江省現存(cun)年(nian)代比較(jiao)久的一座唐(tang)塔(ta)。
保護
天(tian)寧寺塔(ta)是(shi)浙江(jiang)省現(xian)存年代(dai)比較久的一座唐磚(zhuan)塔(ta),也是(shi)我(wo)國僅存的唐代(dai)寺前雙塔(ta)實例,對于研究(jiu)唐時的宗教文化和佛教建筑具有重要(yao)的作用。現(xian)西塔(ta)已(yi)按(an)原貌(mao)修(xiu)復。
2003年對天(tian)寧寺遺址(zhi)進行了考古發掘,基本搞清了唐宋時(shi)期中軸線以東的寺院(yuan)格局,現(xian)已原址(zhi)保護。
2006年6月被國務院(yuan)公(gong)布(bu)為第六(liu)批全(quan)國重點文物保護(hu)單位。