大上(shang)清宮在上(shang)清鎮(zhen)東(dong)陲,距(ju)嗣漢天師府約(yue)一(yi)公里(li)。古代這里(li)稱為仙源鄉招(zhao)賓里(li)。其街(jie)曰: “瓊林(lin)”。左擁象(xiang)山(shan)(shan)(shan),右(you)注沂溪(xi)。溪(xi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)環拱,實(shi)乃仙靈都會(hui)也,古老相傳。這里(li)是九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)聚會(hui)的(de)寶地。民(min)謠云: “九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)集結上(shang)清宮.天師擒妖顯神通。唯有(you)一(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)不伏法(fa).順水飄游遇虎兇。”這九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)指的(de)是上(shang)清宮周(zhou)圍的(de)天門山(shan)(shan)(shan)、臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)、烏劍山(shan)(shan)(shan)、獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)、沖天峰、應天山(shan)(shan)(shan)、西華山(shan)(shan)(shan)、烏龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)和圣井山(shan)(shan)(shan)。
漢末第(di)四代(dai)天師(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)盛承(cheng)啟道教,在此建“傳(chuan)箓(lu)壇”.公(gong)元841—846年(nian)(唐會昌年(nian)間),武宗召見(jian)第(di)20代(dai)天師(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)湛賜帑(tang)銀于(yu)傳(chuan)箓(lu)壇舊址(zhi)建道觀(guan),并(bing)賜額(e)日“真仙觀(guan)”
1008—1016年(nian)(北宋大中(zhong)祥(xiang)符年(nian)間),宋真(zhen)(zhen)宗(zong)敕改真(zhen)(zhen)仙觀(guan)為上(shang)(shang)清(qing)觀(guan),1105年(nian)(崇(chong)寧四年(nian))第30代天師張繼先請于(yu)朝,宋徽宗(zong)命撥賜米萬(wan)余斛(一斛一斗(dou)),由(you)江東漕臣在龍虎山丈量土(tu)地重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)清(qing)觀(guan),又(you)于(yu)1113年(nian)(政和三(san)年(nian))將上(shang)(shang)清(qing)觀(guan)升為“上(shang)(shang)清(qing)正一宮(gong)”。“時(shi)(shi)宮(gong)中(zhong)學道者常數(shu)百(bai)人”:南宋時(shi)(shi).經上(shang)(shang)清(qing)宮(gong)高道易如剛,毛允中(zhong)等不(bu)斷擴建(jian)(jian),當時(shi)(shi)己(ji)有(you)六殿(dian)(三(san)清(qing)殿(dian)、真(zhen)(zhen)風殿(dian)、昊天殿(dian)、南斗(dou)殿(dian)、北斗(dou)殿(dian)、瓊章殿(dian))二閣(即皇帝景命閣、寶奎閣)一樓(lou)(瓊音樓(lou))三(san)館(宿云、蓬海、云館)二堂(tang)(齋堂(tang)、正一堂(tang)),堂(tang)之左為方(fang)丈,東西創道院數(shu)百(bai)楹(詳見王(wang)與(yu)權記)。景定年(nian)間,宋理宗(zong)命張聞詩建(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)清(qing)宮(gong)門樓(lou).榜日: “龍虎福地”。
元朝1285年(世祖至(zhi)元二十二年)賜帑銀(yin)重(zhong)修上清(qing)宮,元武宗時敕政“上清(qing)正(zheng)一(yi)宮”為“大上清(qing)正(zheng)一(yi)萬壽宮”。
1391年(明(ming)(ming)洪武(wu)二十四(si)年)43代(dai)天師張(zhang)(zhang)宇初重修(xiu)(xiu)大上(shang)清(qing)宮,太祖(zu)朱元璋親賜寶鈔5000貫(guan)。翰(han)林(lin)編修(xiu)(xiu)蘇伯衡(heng)撰《重修(xiu)(xiu)上(shang)清(qing)宮碑文》傳世.明(ming)(ming)朝統治276年,由(you)朝延(yan)賜銀或監修(xiu)(xiu)上(shang)清(qing)宮共有七(qi)次,故《明(ming)(ming)史》中說: “真人張(zhang)(zhang)氏道家孝流而(er)世蒙恩(en)澤、顧代(dai)相傳襲(xi),閱世既久(jiu)。卒莫(mo)廢去。
清(qing)(qing)朝.由(you)皇(huang)帝(di)賜銀大規模(mo)修建(jian)上(shang)(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)一次(ci)(ci),零星修建(jian)三(san)次(ci)(ci)以上(shang)(shang)。據1740年(nian)(清(qing)(qing)乾(qian)隆五(wu)年(nian))妙正真(zhen)人婁近垣(yuan)編《龍虎山志大上(shang)(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)新制(zhi)》記載,當時的建(jian)制(zhi)為兩宮(gong)(gong)(上(shang)(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)、斗(dou)姆宮(gong)(gong))、十(shi)二(er)殿(dian)(dian)(玉皇(huang)殿(dian)(dian)、后土殿(dian)(dian)、三(san)宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)、三(san)省殿(dian)(dian)、五(wu)岳殿(dian)(dian)、四瀆搬、文昌殿(dian)(dian)、天皇(huang)殿(dian)(dian)、關(guan)圣殿(dian)(dian)、紫微殿(dian)(dian)、斗(dou)姆前(qian)殿(dian)(dian)、斗(dou)姆后殿(dian)(dian))二(er)十(shi)四院(三(san)華(hua)(hua)、東隱(yin)、仙隱(yin)、崇元、太(tai)素(su)、十(shi)華(hua)(hua)、郁和、清(qing)(qing)和、崇福(fu)、崇清(qing)(qing)、繁禧(xi)、達觀(guan)、明達、洞(dong)觀(guan)、棲(qi)真(zhen)、混同、紫中(zhong)、清(qing)(qing)富、鳳棲(qi)、高(gao)深(shen)、精思、正慶、玉華(hua)(hua)、迎(ying)華(hua)(hua))其(qi)建(jian)制(zhi)規模(mo)不(bu)(bu)僅在(zai)江南(nan)稱為第(di)一大觀(guan).在(zai)全國也是首(shou)屈一指(zhi),故素(su)有“神仙所(suo)都”和“百神受(shou)職之所(suo)”的稱譽。1930年(nian)幾個乞丐在(zai)宮(gong)(gong)內烤火,一時不(bu)(bu)慎(shen),二(er)宮(gong)(gong)慘遭火焚.二(er)十(shi)四院亦受(shou)株連。殿(dian)(dian)宇樓(lou)閣化為灰燼。
大上清宮在(zai)中國乃至(zhi)(zhi)全世界都有(you)很大的(de)(de)(de)影響,因(yin)為在(zai)中國古(gu)典名著《水滸》第一回,寫的(de)(de)(de)是“張天(tian)(tian)師祈禳瘟疫。洪(hong)太尉誤走妖(yao)(yao)魔。”就是講(jiang)大上清宮的(de)(de)(de),由(you)上清宮內的(de)(de)(de)鎮妖(yao)(yao)井,走出(chu)36天(tian)(tian)罡,72地煞、演繹(yi)出(chu)一部驚(jing)天(tian)(tian)動地的(de)(de)(de)農民(min)起義的(de)(de)(de)故事,在(zai)中國可(ke)謂(wei)婦孺皆知。如今(jin),伏魔殿(dian)仍在(zai)。鎮妖(yao)(yao)井仍存,游人(ren)信士(shi)絡(luo)繹(yi)而至(zhi)(zhi),都忍不住(zhu)要探一探伏魔殿(dian)的(de)(de)(de)神奇,鎮妖(yao)(yao)井的(de)(de)(de)玄秘(mi)。
2000年,龍(long)(long)虎山(shan)風景旅游(you)區管委(wei)會啟(qi)動對大(da)上(shang)清(qing)宮進行重(zhong)建,翌年完成一(yi)期(qi)工程已恢(hui)復(fu)的有:福地門、龍(long)(long)街、下馬辜、欞星門、天一(yi)池、東(dong)隱院等,2009年3月,大(da)上(shang)清(qing)宮已恢(hui)復(fu)為(wei)宗教活動場所,熱烈歡迎廣大(da)信士游(you)人(ren)來此朝拜圣真,領略《水滸》文(wen)化的精髓。
上(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)初為(wei)(wei)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)張道(dao)陵的(de)草堂(tang),第四代(dai)(dai)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)張盛在此置傳(chuan)箓壇(tan),逢三元(yuan)(yuan)日(ri)升壇(tan)傳(chuan)箓。唐代(dai)(dai)會昌(chang)年(nian)(nian)間(841--846)始于(yu)此處建(jian)(jian)真(zhen)仙觀(guan),宋(song)(song)大(da)(da)中(zhong)祥(xiang)符五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(1012)改(gai)名上(shang)清(qing)(qing)觀(guan),仁宗(zong)(zong)(zong)天(tian)圣年(nian)(nian)間(1023一(yi)(yi)1032),二十(shi)五(wu)代(dai)(dai)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)張乾曜曾(ceng)觀(guan)于(yu)龍(long)虎山(shan)南。哲宗(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)佑(you)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1086),二十(shi)八代(dai)(dai)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)張敦復又(you)重(zhong)建(jian)(jian),但(dan)均已不(bu)可考(kao)。宋(song)(song)徽宗(zong)(zong)(zong)崇(chong)寧(ning)四年(nian)(nian)(1105)于(yu)上(shang)清(qing)(qing)鎮東再(zai)建(jian)(jian);政和三年(nian)(nian)(1113)升觀(guan)為(wei)(wei)“上(shang)清(qing)(qing)正一(yi)(yi)宮(gong)”。南宋(song)(song)高(gao)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)建(jian)(jian)炎年(nian)(nian)問,寧(ning)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)慶(qing)元(yuan)(yuan)、嘉定年(nian)(nian)間均有(you)(you)(you)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian);理宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)端平二年(nian)(nian)(1235)賜(si)(si)內努,并派太(tai)乙(yi)宮(gong)高(gao)士易如剛再(zai)次進行較大(da)(da)規模的(de)擴建(jian)(jian),時共(gong)興(xing)建(jian)(jian)二閣、三館、六殿及(ji)東西道(dao)院數(shu)百楹,不(bu)久又(you)創建(jian)(jian) 門樓,增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)紫微閣。元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)曾(ceng)有(you)(you)(you)三建(jian)(jian)二毀,武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)時敕改(gai)上(shang)清(qing)(qing)正一(yi)(yi)宮(gong)為(wei)(wei)“大(da)(da)上(shang)清(qing)(qing)正一(yi)(yi)萬壽(shou)宮(gong)”。明代(dai)(dai)先后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)六次重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)與修(xiu)復及(ji)增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)。清(qing)(qing)代(dai)(dai)康熙五(wu)十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(1713),圣祖(zu)(zu)曾(ceng)煬(yang)帑(tang)金修(xiu)葺;雍正九年(nian)(nian)(1731)特賜(si)(si)帑(tang)銀十(shi)萬兩,遣翰林(lin)學士占留保(bao),原直(zhi)隸(li)臬(nie)司浦文(wen)焯等(deng)督工,又(you)命天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)府(fu)署理大(da)(da)真(zhen)人(ren)張匿昭(zhao)麟(lin)協(xie)同監修(xiu),于(yu)當年(nian)(nian)大(da)(da)興(xing)土木,開始重(zhong)修(xiu),至(zhi)雍正十(shi)年(nian)(nian)八月(yue)竣(jun)工,除將(jiang)原有(you)(you)(you)殿宇葺修(xiu)一(yi)(yi)新外,又(you)新建(jian)(jian)了碑(bei)亭(ting)、斗姆宮(gong)、后(hou)堂(tang)、庫房、廂房、齋堂(tang)、廚房、虛靖(jing)祠及(ji)二十(shi)四道(dao)院等(deng),整(zheng)個宮(gong)宇規模宏大(da)(da),氣(qi)勢(shi)磅礴,名振江南;后(hou)因年(nian)(nian)久失(shi)修(xiu)與屢遭災(zai)毀,至(zhi)解放初僅存門樓、午朝(chao)門、鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓、下馬(ma)亭(ting)、東隱院等(deng)建(jian)(jian)筑,為(wei)(wei)江西省重(zhong)點文(wen)物保(bao)護單位之一(yi)(yi)。“文(wen)革”中(zhong),上(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)殘存建(jian)(jian)筑全(quan)遭毀壞,現(xian)唯存有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)口(kou)元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)所(suo)鑄大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)及(ji)部分碑(bei)刻藏于(yu)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)府(fu)內。為(wei)(wei)龍(long)虎山(shan)歷史(shi)上(shang)著名的(de)道(dao)教宮(gong)觀(guan)之一(yi)(yi),是道(dao)教正一(yi)(yi)道(dao)的(de)祖(zu)(zu)庭(ting)。