汽車發電機常見故障及維修方法

1、不充電

發動機在中等(deng)以上轉速時，電流(liu)表(biao)指針指示不充(chong)(chong)電，充(chong)(chong)電指示燈亮，首先要考慮蓄(xu)電池充(chong)(chong)電情況，若充(chong)(chong)電不足為發電裝置故障。

不(bu)(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)除了傳(chuan)動皮帶(dai)過松打(da)滑，一般要(yao)檢查發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)本(ben)身不(bu)(bu)發電(dian)(dian)或調(diao)節器(qi)故障，以及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路斷(duan)路故障。如(ru)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)內部整流脫(tuo)落或電(dian)(dian)樞接(jie)(jie)線柱(zhu)底部與二極管(guan)元件板接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)處不(bu)(bu)通；二極管(guan)擊穿短路，造成定子(zi)繞組(zu)燒損；電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)在炭(tan)刷(shua)架內卡住接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)良，或磁場(chang)繞組(zu)斷(duan)路等。

診斷中提(ti)高(gao)發動機(ji)轉；開大(da)燈，如電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)(biao)指針瞬間的(de)偏(pian)轉放電(dian)(dian)方向(xiang)，則為發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)(qi)工(gong)作正常，而是蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)已足；若電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)(biao)指針較(jiao)大(da)的(de)偏(pian)向(xiang)放電(dian)(dian)方向(xiang)，則故(gu)障在(zai)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)或調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)(qi)，應檢(jian)查充(chong)電(dian)(dian)線路各接頭是否(fou)良好，風(feng)扇皮帶是否(fou)過松及發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)(qi)的(de)技術狀況。首先驗證充(chong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統是否(fou)確(que)實有(you)故(gu)障，將發動機(ji)置于中速運轉，在(zai)開前照(zhao)燈的(de)瞬間，電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)(biao)指針偏(pian)向(xiang)“+”方向(xiang)或保持原(yuan)位(wei)不動，為蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)已充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統工(gong)作正常。如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)(biao)指針偏(pian)向(xiang)“一”方向(xiang)，為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統有(you)故(gu)障，應予檢(jian)修。

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2、充電電流過小

蓄電(dian)(dian)池在存電(dian)(dian)不足的情況下，提高發(fa)動機轉速，電(dian)(dian)流表指(zhi)針指(zhi)示較(jiao)小的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流，則為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流過小故(gu)障。這一般是發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機本(ben)身電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不足，調節(jie)器技術狀態不良以(yi)及(ji)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路中電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)增大所致。

可按以下步驟判斷和排除：檢查蓄電池、發電機、調節器和電流表等各機件的接線柱及其導線連接是否牢靠。檢查風扇皮帶(dai)是(shi)否(fou)過(guo)松(song)而(er)使(shi)發電(dian)機轉(zhuan)速不高。在上述情況(kuang)正常(chang)時，可在發動(dong)機中(zhong)等轉(zhuan)速下檢(jian)查調節器(qi)的限(xian)額電(dian)壓，拆檢(jian)發電(dian)機是(shi)否(fou)有(you)磨損(sun)損(sun)壞的異(yi)常(chang)現(xian)象(xiang)。檢(jian)查調節器(qi)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)觸點(dian)是(shi)否(fou)燒(shao)蝕或有(you)無(wu)氧(yang)化物，活(huo)(huo)動(dong)觸點(dian)臂與鐵芯間(jian)間(jian)隙及彈簧(huang)拉力是(shi)否(fou)符合(he)技(ji)術(shu)要求；調節器(qi)接線有(you)無(wu)松(song)動(dong)現(xian)象(xiang)。發現(xian)異(yi)常(chang)現(xian)象(xiang)應及時修復。發動(dong)機在中(zhong)速以上運轉(zhuan)時，接通前照燈(deng)，若電(dian)流仍顯(xian)(xian)示充(chong)電(dian)，為(wei)充(chong)電(dian)系統(tong)技(ji)術(shu)狀況(kuang)良好;若電(dian)源表顯(xian)(xian)示放電(dian)，為(wei)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流過(guo)小故障，應予(yu)檢(jian)修。

3、充電電流過大

汽車電流表(biao)指針偏轉(zhuan)到(dao)最大充電電流位置。若夜間行車，發動機轉(zhuan)速(su)高時，就會(hui)出現照明和(he)儀(yi)表(biao)指示燈(deng)(deng)特別(bie)亮(liang)，導(dao)致燈(deng)(deng)泡(pao)容(rong)易燒(shao)毀，分(fen)電器(qi)觸點燒(shao)蝕，蓄電池電解液消耗過快。

首先(xian)檢(jian)查調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)火線(xian)(xian)與磁場兩接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)柱導線(xian)(xian)是(shi)否接(jie)(jie)(jie)錯(cuo)，活(huo)動觸點(dian)是(shi)否燒蝕或粘(zhan)合于常閉狀態(tai)。檢(jian)查調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)時，可(ke)(ke)拆下磁場接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)，若充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)明顯減小，為(wei)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)故障(zhang)，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)是(shi)低速觸點(dian)燒結分不開，線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)有斷路(lu)(lu)等(deng)，若充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)仍然很大，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)是(shi)磁場接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)和(he)電(dian)樞接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)有短(duan)路(lu)(lu)。首先(xian)檢(jian)查是(shi)否因(yin)蓄電(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)和(he)嚴(yan)重虧電(dian)而引起充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)過大應(ying)予檢(jian)修。

4、充電電流不穩

在發動機(ji)(ji)怠速以上轉速運(yun)轉時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指針左右擺動，顯示(shi)間歇充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)（有時(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)有時(shi)(shi)(shi)又不充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)現象(xiang)），一般為發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓不穩(wen)定。

首先應檢(jian)查(cha)各連接(jie)線(xian)頭是否(fou)(fou)松動(dong)(dong)和接(jie)觸(chu)不(bu)良，皮帶是否(fou)(fou)過松以及蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)極樁(zhuang)有(you)無(wu)松動(dong)(dong)。若無(wu)異常(chang)(chang)再(zai)檢(jian)查(cha)調節器觸(chu)點(dian)是否(fou)(fou)燒蝕、臟污，線(xian)圈或電(dian)(dian)阻有(you)無(wu)接(jie)觸(chu)不(bu)良、斷路等。仍無(wu)異常(chang)(chang)，則應拆檢(jian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)內部的(de)技術狀況(kuang)，并逐項修(xiu)復。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)中速以上運(yun)轉時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)指示充電(dian)(dian)，但指針(zhen)不(bu)斷左右擺動(dong)(dong)，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流時(shi)大(da)時(shi)小，應予(yu)檢(jian)修(xiu)。

5、發電機不發電

發(fa)電機(ji)不發(fa)電的主要原因是：整流二(er)極(ji)管擊(ji)穿短(duan)路(lu)或(huo)斷路(lu)；激磁繞(rao)組短(duan)路(lu)或(huo)斷路(lu)；三(san)相(xiang)定(ding)子繞(rao)組相(xiang)問短(duan)路(lu)或(huo)搭鐵；轉子滑環(huan)嚴重氧化(hua)臟(zang)污，炭(tan)刷架損壞或(huo)炭(tan)刷在刷架中(zhong)卡(ka)住(zhu)。逐步排(pai)查(cha)原因并進(jin)行維修即可。

汽車發電機維修注意事項

1、發電機各部位(wei)連接(jie)螺栓(shuan)（母(mu)）要緊定(ding)可靠，導線接(jie)觸(chu)良好，避免松動脫落而影(ying)響工(gong)作。

2、發電機(ji)正二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)壓裝(zhuang)在元件(jian)板(ban)上(shang)，負二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)壓裝(zhuang)在發電機(ji)外(wai)殼上(shang)，二者不(bu)得裝(zhuang)錯。壓裝(zhuang)二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)時，其(qi)緊度要適(shi)當，過緊易(yi)損壞二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)，過松會(hui)引起跳火。

3、安裝(zhuang)更換蓄電池(chi)時嚴(yan)格(ge)保持(chi)負(fu)極(ji)搭鐵，發電機的極(ji)性(xing)千萬不(bu)能裝(zhuang)反，以免(mian)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)燒(shao)壞(huai)。檢(jian)修中(zhong)不(bu)得用(yong)試火(huo)法和短接(jie)法及兆(zhao)歐表檢(jian)查，防(fang)止二(er)極(ji)管(guan)損壞(huai)。

4、各線柱不允許(xu)松(song)動，防止接(jie)觸不良或產(chan)生瞬(shun)時超電壓燒壞二極管。

5、對發電機應(ying)做到按技術(shu)規(gui)范定期維護，出現故障應(ying)及時檢(jian)修(xiu)排除。

6、保持(chi)發電機和(he)調節(jie)器接(jie)線完(wan)好，安裝牢(lao)固，負極搭鐵不(bu)得搞(gao)錯。

7、用正確的(de)操作方法檢(jian)修其(qi)故障，以避(bi)免人為的(de)機件損壞。