汽車發電機常見故障及維修方法

1、不充電

發動機在中等以(yi)上轉速時，電流表指針指示(shi)不充(chong)電，充(chong)電指示(shi)燈亮，首先要考慮蓄(xu)電池充(chong)電情況(kuang)，若充(chong)電不足為(wei)發電裝置故障(zhang)。

不充(chong)電(dian)(dian)除了傳動(dong)皮帶過松打滑，一般要(yao)檢(jian)查發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機本身不發(fa)電(dian)(dian)或(huo)(huo)調節器故(gu)障(zhang)，以及(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路斷路故(gu)障(zhang)。如發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機內(nei)(nei)部(bu)整流脫落或(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)樞接線(xian)柱底部(bu)與二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)元件板(ban)接觸處不通；二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)擊穿(chuan)短路，造(zao)成定(ding)子繞組(zu)燒損；電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)在炭(tan)刷(shua)架內(nei)(nei)卡住接觸不良，或(huo)(huo)磁場繞組(zu)斷路等。

診斷中(zhong)提高發動(dong)機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)；開大燈(deng)(deng)，如電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)(zhen)瞬間(jian)的(de)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)放電(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，則(ze)為發電(dian)(dian)機與調節器(qi)(qi)工作正常(chang)，而是(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)已足；若(ruo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)(zhen)較大的(de)偏(pian)(pian)向(xiang)(xiang)放電(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，則(ze)故(gu)障(zhang)在(zai)發電(dian)(dian)機或(huo)調節器(qi)(qi)，應檢查充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路各(ge)接頭是(shi)否良(liang)好(hao)，風扇皮(pi)帶是(shi)否過松及發電(dian)(dian)機、調節器(qi)(qi)的(de)技術狀況。首先驗證充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)是(shi)否確實有(you)故(gu)障(zhang)，將發動(dong)機置于中(zhong)速運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，在(zai)開前照(zhao)燈(deng)(deng)的(de)瞬間(jian)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)(zhen)偏(pian)(pian)向(xiang)(xiang)“+”方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)或(huo)保(bao)持原(yuan)位不動(dong)，為蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)已充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)工作正常(chang)。如果電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)(zhen)偏(pian)(pian)向(xiang)(xiang)“一”方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)有(you)故(gu)障(zhang)，應予檢修。

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2、充電電流過小

蓄(xu)電(dian)池在存電(dian)不足(zu)的情(qing)況下，提高發(fa)(fa)動機轉速，電(dian)流(liu)(liu)表指針指示較小(xiao)(xiao)的充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，則為充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)過小(xiao)(xiao)故(gu)障(zhang)。這(zhe)一般是發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機本身電(dian)壓不足(zu)，調節器技(ji)術狀(zhuang)態不良以及充(chong)電(dian)線路中電(dian)阻(zu)增大所致。

可按以下步驟判斷和排除：檢查蓄電池、發電機、調節器和電流表等各機件的接線柱及其導線連接是否牢靠。檢查風扇皮帶是否過松(song)而(er)使發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)速不高。在上(shang)述情況正常(chang)(chang)時，可在發(fa)動機(ji)中(zhong)等轉(zhuan)速下檢(jian)查調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)的限(xian)額電(dian)壓，拆(chai)檢(jian)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)是否有(you)(you)(you)磨損損壞的異常(chang)(chang)現(xian)象。檢(jian)查調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)活(huo)動觸(chu)點是否燒蝕或有(you)(you)(you)無氧(yang)化物(wu)，活(huo)動觸(chu)點臂與鐵芯間(jian)間(jian)隙(xi)及彈簧拉力是否符合(he)技術要(yao)求(qiu)；調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)接線(xian)有(you)(you)(you)無松(song)動現(xian)象。發(fa)現(xian)異常(chang)(chang)現(xian)象應及時修(xiu)復(fu)。發(fa)動機(ji)在中(zhong)速以上(shang)運轉(zhuan)時，接通前照燈，若電(dian)流仍顯(xian)示(shi)充(chong)電(dian)，為充(chong)電(dian)系統(tong)技術狀況良(liang)好(hao);若電(dian)源表顯(xian)示(shi)放(fang)電(dian)，為充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流過小(xiao)故障，應予(yu)檢(jian)修(xiu)。

3、充電電流過大

汽車(che)電(dian)流表指(zhi)針(zhen)偏轉到(dao)最大充電(dian)電(dian)流位置。若(ruo)夜間行車(che)，發動機轉速(su)高(gao)時，就會出現(xian)照明和儀(yi)表指(zhi)示燈特(te)別亮(liang)，導致燈泡容易燒毀(hui)，分電(dian)器觸點燒蝕(shi)，蓄電(dian)池電(dian)解液消耗過快。

首先(xian)檢(jian)查調節器火線(xian)(xian)(xian)與磁(ci)場(chang)兩接線(xian)(xian)(xian)柱導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是否(fou)接錯(cuo)，活動觸(chu)點(dian)是否(fou)燒(shao)蝕或粘合(he)于常閉(bi)狀態。檢(jian)查調節器時，可拆下磁(ci)場(chang)接線(xian)(xian)(xian)，若充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流明顯減小，為調節器故障，可能是低(di)速觸(chu)點(dian)燒(shao)結(jie)分不開，線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈有斷路等，若充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流仍(reng)然(ran)很大，可能是磁(ci)場(chang)接線(xian)(xian)(xian)和電(dian)(dian)樞接線(xian)(xian)(xian)有短(duan)路。首先(xian)檢(jian)查是否(fou)因蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池內部短(duan)路和嚴重虧電(dian)(dian)而引起充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流過大應予檢(jian)修。

4、充電電流不穩

在發動機怠(dai)速(su)以(yi)上轉速(su)運轉時，電流表指(zhi)針左右擺動，顯示間歇(xie)充電（有時充電有時又不充電的現象），一(yi)般為發電機的端電壓不穩定。

首先應(ying)(ying)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)各連接線(xian)(xian)頭是否(fou)松動和接觸(chu)不(bu)良，皮帶(dai)是否(fou)過松以及蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的極樁有無松動。若無異(yi)常再檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)調節器(qi)觸(chu)點是否(fou)燒蝕、臟污，線(xian)(xian)圈或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)有無接觸(chu)不(bu)良、斷路(lu)等。仍無異(yi)常，則應(ying)(ying)拆檢(jian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機內部的技(ji)術狀況，并逐項修(xiu)復。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機中速以上運轉時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表(biao)指示充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但指針不(bu)斷左右擺動，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流時大(da)時小(xiao)，應(ying)(ying)予檢(jian)修(xiu)。

5、發電機不發電

發電機不發電的主要(yao)原(yuan)因是(shi)：整流二極管擊穿短路或(huo)斷路；激(ji)磁繞組短路或(huo)斷路；三相定(ding)子繞組相問短路或(huo)搭鐵；轉子滑環嚴重氧化臟污(wu)，炭(tan)刷(shua)架損(sun)壞或(huo)炭(tan)刷(shua)在(zai)刷(shua)架中(zhong)卡住。逐步排查(cha)原(yuan)因并進行(xing)維修(xiu)即(ji)可。

汽車發電機維修注意事項

1、發電(dian)機各部位連接(jie)螺栓（母）要緊定可靠，導(dao)線接(jie)觸良好，避(bi)免松動脫落而影響工作(zuo)。

2、發電機(ji)正二(er)極(ji)管(guan)壓(ya)裝在元(yuan)件(jian)板上，負二(er)極(ji)管(guan)壓(ya)裝在發電機(ji)外(wai)殼上，二(er)者不得裝錯。壓(ya)裝二(er)極(ji)管(guan)時(shi)，其緊(jin)度要適當，過緊(jin)易損壞二(er)極(ji)管(guan)，過松會(hui)引起跳火。

3、安裝更換蓄電池時嚴格保持負極搭鐵，發電機的極性千萬不能(neng)裝反，以免二極管燒壞。檢修中不得(de)用試火法和短接法及兆歐(ou)表檢查，防止二極管損壞。

4、各線(xian)柱(zhu)不(bu)允許松動，防止(zhi)接觸不(bu)良或產生瞬時超電壓燒壞二極(ji)管。

5、對發電機應(ying)做到按(an)技術規范定(ding)期維護(hu)，出現故障應(ying)及時(shi)檢修排除。

6、保持發電機和調節器(qi)接線完好，安裝牢固，負(fu)極搭鐵(tie)不得搞錯。

7、用正確的(de)操作方法檢修其故(gu)障，以避免人為的(de)機件損(sun)壞。