臺(tai)(tai)南(nan)孔廟(miao)(miao)(miao)在臺(tai)(tai)南(nan)人的用心經營下,不只是臺(tai)(tai)南(nan)的地標,更是臺(tai)(tai)南(nan)人的文化精神所(suo)在。孔廟(miao)(miao)(miao)建筑(zhu)莊(zhuang)嚴宏(hong)偉,氣氛肅穆,格局完整,列屬國家(jia)一級古(gu)跡。廟(miao)(miao)(miao)旁蒼郁的古(gu)樹,越發引人思古(gu)之幽情。
臺(tai)(tai)南孔廟(miao)又稱(cheng)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao),建于明永歷年間,是全臺(tai)(tai)最(zui)(zui)早(zao)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao),也是清末之(zhi)前(qian)最(zui)(zui)高的(de)(de)官辦學府,故有“全臺(tai)(tai)首學”之(zhi)稱(cheng),今已列屬一級古跡,孔廟(miao)廟(miao)堂(tang)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)眾多、殿宇恢宏,不愧為文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)之(zhi)宗。
這(zhe)座孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)是由鄭成功部將陳永華倡議修建(jian),歷(li)經(jing)數(shu)次修葺(qi),廟(miao)門(men)以(yi)一“全臺首學(xue)”金(jin)字橫匾(bian)作為登堂(tang)之(zhi)階,雄渾醒目(mu)的筆力(li),益增莊嚴肅穆。建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)主祀(si)至圣(sheng)先(xian)(xian)師孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的大成殿為主體(ti),大成殿無柱子(zi)(zi)(zi)及(ji)回廊,而以(yi)伸出厚墻的挑(tiao)梁插栱支撐,殿梁懸有多(duo)方前清諸帝的欽賜御匾(bian),備(bei)極(ji)尊(zun)榮;兩(liang)旁東西廡則奉祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)72位(wei)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)及(ji)歷(li)代(dai)先(xian)(xian)儒先(xian)(xian)賢神位(wei),兩(liang)側毗連禮器庫、樂器庫,古代(dai)形制禮樂器皆妥(tuo)為保存,以(yi)供祭(ji)孔(kong)(kong)之(zhi)用;正殿之(zhi)后為崇圣(sheng)祠,祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)五代(dai)祖先(xian)(xian)牌位(wei)及(ji)孔(kong)(kong)鯉等先(xian)(xian)達賢儒,建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)形式較為古樸。
大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)前方是(shi)欞(ling)星門,欞(ling)星門東(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)節孝(xiao)祠、孝(xiao)子(zi)(zi)祠,西(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)名宦祠及(ji)鄉賢祠。另一(yi)古樸典雅、花木扶疏的(de)(de)殿(dian)堂(tang)即(ji)明(ming)倫堂(tang),堂(tang)內正墻嵌有(you)趙(zhao)孟頫體(ti)書(shu)法“大(da)(da)學(xue)”全文,十分珍貴(gui);文昌閣位于(yu)明(ming)倫堂(tang)后方,樓高三(san)層塔形(xing)(xing)(xing)布(bu)局,為(wei)(wei)(wei)孔廟(miao)最高建(jian)物,奉(feng)祀文昌帝君(jun),并作為(wei)(wei)(wei)藏書(shu)之(zhi)所。欞(ling)星門外(wai)有(you)圍(wei)墻隔開廟(miao)(大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian))、學(xue)(明(ming)倫堂(tang)),圍(wei)墻東(dong)西(xi)辟(pi)有(you)禮門、義路,意為(wei)(wei)(wei)遵禮崇義的(de)(de)夫子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)路,即(ji)修德進業(ye)之(zhi)道,而今(jin)圍(wei)墻傾(qing)頹(tui),現(xian)僅剩兩(liang)道門扇(shan)佇立前庭;大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門前有(you)一(yi)方半月形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)泮(pan)(pan)池,乃依古體(ti)形(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)辟(pi)建(jian),往(wang)昔士子(zi)(zi)若中秀才,到孔廟(miao)祭拜(bai)后,可(ke)在泮(pan)(pan)池采(cai)摘水芹插(cha)于(yu)帽緣,以示文才,而今(jin)科考(kao)已(yi)廢,泮(pan)(pan)池涌泉(quan)噴流(liu)不絕,與庭前綠蔭連成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)片(pian),成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)游客、民眾徘(pai)徊流(liu)連之(zhi)所。
此(ci)外(wai),東(dong)大成門(men)(men)旁有一塊(kuai)“下馬(ma)碑”,為康熙年間奉旨(zhi)設(she)立(li),漢滿文(wen)對照,-“文(wen)武-軍民人等至此(ci)下馬(ma)”,以示對萬世師(shi)表之尊崇;門(men)(men)外(wai)尚有一泮宮石坊,為乾隆(long)年間重修孔(kong)廟所筑(zhu),以壯大規制,表彰孔(kong)子之學,石坊因(yin)南門(men)(men)路之辟(pi)筑(zhu),與(yu)主體建筑(zhu)分置兩(liang)處,蒼勁牌(pai)坊矗(chu)立(li)一旁,見(jian)證時代的變遷(qian)與(yu)物換星移。
可選擇(ze)在臺(tai)南(nan)(nan)火(huo)車(che)站前搭(da)乘1、3、17、18路公(gong)交車(che),至建興國中站下(xia)車(che),由南(nan)(nan)門路北行即可到達(da);或選擇(ze)在臺(tai)南(nan)(nan)火(huo)車(che)站前搭(da)乘88路(安(an)平線)觀光公(gong)交車(che)可直達(da)。