電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車如何充電(dian)(dian)(dian)? 電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式詳解

1、電動汽車充電設備

對于一輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車來講，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是(shi)不可缺少的(de)(de)子系統之一，它的(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)是(shi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉化為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車車載蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)分(fen)類有(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)方法(fa)。總體上可分(fen)為(wei)車載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)和非車載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。

車載充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，指安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車上的(de)采(cai)用地面交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)車載電(dian)(dian)(dian)源對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。

包(bao)括(kuo)車(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機、車(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)發(fa)電(dian)機組和運行能量回收充(chong)(chong)電(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。它(ta)將一根帶插頭的交(jiao)流(liu)動力電(dian)纜(lan)線(xian)直(zhi)接(jie)插到電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)的插座中給電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)。車(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)通常使用結構簡單、控(kong)制方便的接(jie)觸式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器也可以是感應充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器。它(ta)完(wan)全按照車(che)(che)載(zai)蓄電(dian)池(chi)的種(zhong)類(lei)進(jin)行設(she)計，針對性較強。

非(fei)車載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)，即(ji)地(di)面充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)，主要包括(kuo)專用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機、專用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、通用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機、公共(gong)場所用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站等。它可以滿(man)足各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)各種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。通常非(fei)車載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)功率(lv)、體積和重量均比較(jiao)大，以便能(neng)夠適應各種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。

另外，根據對電(dian)(dian)動車(che)蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)的能量裝(zhuang)換的方式不同，充電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)可(ke)以分為接(jie)觸(chu)式和感應(ying)式。

隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術和變流(liu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技術的飛(fei)速發展(zhan)，高精(jing)度可控(kong)(kong)變流(liu)技術的成熟和普及，分階段恒流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)已經(jing)基(ji)本被(bei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)連續變化的恒壓(ya)限流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)取代(dai)。直到目前，主導(dao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)藝的還是恒壓(ya)限流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)。接觸式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的最大(da)問題在于(yu)它(ta)的安(an)全(quan)性和通用(yong)性，為(wei)了使(shi)它(ta)滿足嚴格(ge)的安(an)全(quan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標準，必須在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上采用(yong)許多(duo)措施使(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備能夠在各種環境下安(an)全(quan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒壓(ya)限流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和分階段恒流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均屬于(yu)接觸式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術。

近(jin)年(nian)來，新型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)感(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術發展(zhan)很快。、感(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是利用高頻(pin)交(jiao)流磁場的(de)(de)(de)(de)變壓器原(yuan)理，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能從離車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)方(fang)感(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)到(dao)車(che)(che)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)副方(fang)，以達(da)到(dao)給蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。感(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大優點是安全，這是因為(wei)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)之間并無直(zhi)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)點接觸，使(shi)得即使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)在惡劣的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)候下，如雨雪(xue)天，進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也無觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危險（如圖1）。

2、電動汽車充電方式

2.1 常規充電方式

該充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)恒壓、恒流的(de)傳(chuan)統充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以相(xiang)當低(di)(di)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為(wei)(wei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大小約為(wei)(wei)15A,若以120Ah（例如360V,即串聯12V100Ah30只）的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為(wei)(wei)例，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間要(yao)持續8個多小時(shi)。相(xiang)應的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)和安裝成本(ben)(ben)相(xiang)對(dui)比(bi)較低(di)(di)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)家(jia)用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施（車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)）和小型充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)轎車(che)(che)的(de)一(yi)種最基(ji)本(ben)(ben)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)（如圖2）。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)標(biao)準配置固定在(zai)車(che)(che)上(shang)或(huo)放在(zai)后(hou)備(bei)箱里。由于(yu)只需將車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)插頭插到停車(che)(che)場或(huo)家(jia)中的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插座上(shang)即可進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因此(ci)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程一(yi)般(ban)由客(ke)戶自己獨立完成。直(zhi)接從(cong)低(di)(di)壓照(zhao)(zhao)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路取(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率較小，由220V/16A規(gui)格的(de)標(biao)準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。典型的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間為(wei)(wei)8～10h（SOC達到95%以上(shang)）。這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網沒有特殊要(yao)求(qiu)，只要(yao)能夠滿足照(zhao)(zhao)明要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質(zhi)量(liang)就能夠使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。由于(yu)在(zai)家(jia)中充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通常是晚上(shang)或(huo)者是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)(di)谷(gu)期，有利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)有效利用(yong)(yong)，因此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門(men)一(yi)般(ban)會給(gei)予(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)用(yong)(yong)戶一(yi)些優惠，例如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)(di)谷(gu)期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)打折。

小(xiao)型充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的一種最重要(yao)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方(fang)式（如圖3），充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機設置(zhi)在(zai)街(jie)邊、超市、辦公(gong)樓、停車場等(deng)處。采(cai)用常規(gui)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車駕(jia)駛(shi)員只需將車停靠在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站指定的位置(zhi)上(shang)，接(jie)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)線即可開始充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。計費(fei)方(fang)式是投幣或刷卡，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率(lv)一般在(zai)5～10kW,采(cai)用三相四線制380V供電(dian)(dian)或單相220V供電(dian)(dian)。其典型的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間是：補電(dian)(dian)1～2h,充(chong)(chong)滿5～8h（SOC達到(dao)95%以上(shang)）。

2.2 快速充電方式

該充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)以150～400A的高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在短時間內為(wei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，與(yu)前(qian)者相(xiang)比安裝成本相(xiang)對較(jiao)高。

快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)也可稱為迅速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)或應急充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，其目的是在短時間內給電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間應該(gai)與燃油車(che)的加油時間接近。大(da)型充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站（機）多采用這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。

大(da)型充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站（機(ji)）—快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)（如圖4）主要(yao)(yao)針(zhen)對(dui)長(chang)距離旅行(xing)或需要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)快(kuai)速(su)補充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)情況(kuang)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功(gong)率很大(da)，一(yi)般都大(da)于(yu)30kW,采用(yong)三相(xiang)四線(xian)制380V供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其典型的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)是(shi)：10～30min。這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命有一(yi)定(ding)的(de)影響(xiang)，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)普通(tong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不能進(jin)行(xing)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因為在短(duan)時(shi)間(jian)內接受大(da)量的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量會導致蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池過熱(re)。快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)關鍵是(shi)非車載快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)組件(jian)，它能夠輸出35kW甚至更高的(de)功(gong)率。由于(yu)功(gong)率和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)額定(ding)值(zhi)都很高，因此這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網有較(jiao)高的(de)要(yao)(yao)求，一(yi)般應靠近10kV變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站附近或在監測站和服(fu)務中心中使用(yong)。

2.3 無線充電方式

電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)無線充電(dian)方式是近幾年(nian)國外的研(yan)究成(cheng)(cheng)果，其原理就像在車(che)里使(shi)用的移動(dong)電(dian)話———將(jiang)電(dian)能轉換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)種(zhong)符合(he)現行技術標準要求的特殊(shu)的激光或微波束，在汽車(che)頂上安裝一(yi)個專用天線接收即可。

有了無線充電技術，公路上(shang)行駛的電動汽車或(huo)雙能源汽車可(ke)通過(guo)安(an)裝在(zai)電線桿或(huo)其它高層建筑上(shang)的發(fa)射器(qi)快速補充電能。電費將從汽車上(shang)安(an)裝的預付(fu)卡中扣(kou)除。

2.4 更換電池充電方式

除(chu)了以(yi)上(shang)幾種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)外(wai)，還可以(yi)采用更(geng)(geng)(geng)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)方式(shi)，即在蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量耗盡時，用充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)更(geng)(geng)(geng)換已(yi)經耗盡的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)歸服務(wu)站(zhan)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)廠商所有，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)用戶只(zhi)需租(zu)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。更(geng)(geng)(geng)換蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)工作原理如圖5所示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)用戶把車(che)(che)(che)停在一個特定的(de)區域(yu)，然(ran)后用更(geng)(geng)(geng)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)機(ji)(ji)器(qi)將耗盡的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)取下(xia)，換上(shang)已(yi)充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)。對于更(geng)(geng)(geng)換下(xia)來的(de)未(wei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，可以(yi)在服務(wu)站(zhan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，也可以(yi)集(ji)中(zhong)收集(ji)起來以(yi)后再充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更(geng)(geng)(geng)換過(guo)程(cheng)包(bao)括機(ji)(ji)械更(geng)(geng)(geng)換和蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此有時也稱它為機(ji)(ji)械“加油”。

或機械充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更換站同時(shi)(shi)具(ju)備(bei)正常充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站和快(kuai)速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)優點，也就是說可(ke)以(yi)用低谷電(dian)(dian)(dian)給蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時(shi)(shi)又能(neng)在很短的(de)時(shi)(shi)間內完(wan)(wan)成“加油(you)”過程。通過使用機械設備(bei)，整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更換過程可(ke)以(yi)在10min內完(wan)(wan)成，與現有的(de)燃油(you)車(che)加油(you)時(shi)(shi)間大致相當。

不過(guo)，這種方法還(huan)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)不少問題有(you)待解決。首先，這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)池更換系(xi)統的(de)初始成(cheng)本很(hen)高，其中包括昂貴的(de)機械(xie)裝置和大(da)量的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。其次，由于(yu)存(cun)(cun)放大(da)量未充電(dian)(dian)(dian)和已(yi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池需(xu)要很(hen)多空(kong)間，因此修(xiu)(xiu)建一個(ge)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池更換站所(suo)需(xu)空(kong)間遠大(da)于(yu)修(xiu)(xiu)建一個(ge)正常充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站或快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站所(suo)需(xu)的(de)空(kong)間。還(huan)有(you)，在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池自動更換系(xi)統得(de)到應(ying)用(yong)之前，需(xu)要對(dui)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)物理尺寸和電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣參數制定統一的(de)標準。

2.5 移動式充電方式

對(dui)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池而言，最理想的(de)情況是汽(qi)車在路上巡航時充電(dian)(dian)，即所謂的(de)移動(dong)式充電(dian)(dian)（MAC）。

這樣(yang)，電動汽車用戶就沒有(you)必要去(qu)尋找充(chong)電站、停放車輛(liang)并(bing)花費(fei)時間去(qu)充(chong)電了。MAC系統埋設(she)在一段(duan)路面之下，即充(chong)電區，不需要額外的空間。

接觸(chu)式(shi)和感應式(shi)的(de)MAC系(xi)(xi)統(tong)都可(ke)(ke)實施(shi)。對接觸(chu)式(shi)的(de)MAC系(xi)(xi)統(tong)而言，需要在(zai)(zai)車(che)體的(de)底(di)部裝一個接觸(chu)拱(gong)，通(tong)過與嵌在(zai)(zai)路面上的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)元件(jian)相(xiang)接觸(chu)，接觸(chu)拱(gong)便可(ke)(ke)獲得瞬時(shi)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)流。當電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)巡航通(tong)過MAC區(qu)時(shi)，其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程為脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。對于感應式(shi)的(de)MAC系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，車(che)載式(shi)接觸(chu)拱(gong)由感應線圈所(suo)取(qu)代(dai)，嵌在(zai)(zai)路面上的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)元件(jian)由可(ke)(ke)產生強磁場的(de)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)流繞(rao)組(zu)所(suo)取(qu)代(dai)。

很明顯，由于機械(xie)損耗和接觸拱的安裝(zhuang)位置等因素的影響，接觸式的MAC對人(ren)們的吸引力不大。

目前的研究(jiu)主要(yao)集中在感應(ying)充電(dian)方式，因為它不需要(yao)機械接觸，也(ye)不會產生大的位置(zhi)誤差(cha)。當然，這種充電(dian)方式的投資巨(ju)大，現在仍處于實驗(yan)階段。