新疆巴旦木(mu)(mu)是當地的(de)特(te)產干果(guo),巴旦木(mu)(mu)屬桃(tao)(tao)類植物,古(gu)時稱偏(pian)(pian)桃(tao)(tao)、偏(pian)(pian)核桃(tao)(tao)、婆淡樹。新疆巴旦木(mu)(mu)是從古(gu)波斯(si)(現今伊朗)傳入,在《酉(you)陽雜阻》、《嶺表(biao)錄異》有記(ji)載(zai),“偏(pian)(pian)桃(tao)(tao)出波斯(si)國(guo),波斯(si)呼為婆淡樹。長五六文,周四五尺,葉似桃(tao)(tao)而闊大,三月開花,白色。花落結實(shi),狀如桃(tao)(tao)子(zi),而形(xing)偏(pian)(pian),故(gu)為之(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)桃(tao)(tao)。其肉澀不可唆,核中仁甘甜,西(xi)域諸國(guo)并珍之(zhi)。”可見(jian),巴丹木(mu)(mu)從古(gu)時就被人(ren)們做為一種珍果(guo)來食用(yong)。
新(xin)疆巴(ba)旦木的產地主要(yao)分布在喀(ka)什地區(qu)、和(he)田地區(qu)、烏魯木齊等地,其中喀(ka)什地區(qu)的莎車巴(ba)旦姆尤其有名。巴(ba)旦木是新(xin)疆喀(ka)什名貴(gui)特產,是維吾爾(er)族(zu)人民最珍愛的干果,更是待客贈友的極佳物品。
新疆巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)木品(pin)種繁多,約有(you)四十多種,“五大家族(zu)”之分,有(you)軟殼甜(tian)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)木品(pin)系、甜(tian)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)木品(pin)系、厚殼甜(tian)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)木品(pin)系、苦巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)木品(pin)系、桃(tao)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)木品(pin)系。其中(zhong)最佳(jia)品(pin)種有(you)紙皮(pi)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)、軟殼巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)、薄(bo)殼巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)、雙仁(ren)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)等。在眾多品(pin)種中(zhong),有(you)一種薄(bo)皮(pi)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)丹(dan)木最受人(ren)們(men)喜愛(ai)和歡(huan)迎,維(wei)吾爾(er)人(ren)稱其為“卡卡孜巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)木”,食用(yong)前您只需用(yong)手(shou)輕(qing)輕(qing)一擠,飽(bao)滿厚實香甜(tian)的巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)丹(dan)仁(ren)就嶄露出皮(pi),由于皮(pi)薄(bo),好剝,所以也稱它為“紙皮(pi)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)木”。
巴(ba)(ba)旦木(mu)是(shi)食用價值很高(gao)的特產,富含脂肪,蛋白質(zhi),淀粉、糖以(yi)及(ji)少量維(wei)(wei)生素和人體不可缺(que)少的18種微量元(yuan)素,比同重量的牛肉高(gao)六倍。聰慧(hui)的新(xin)疆維(wei)(wei)吾爾人民把巴(ba)(ba)旦仁(ren)做為每日(ri)的健身(shen)滋補品,在每天睡覺前細嚼十余粒,用開水沖下,如此(ci)長期食用,能使人通宵(xiao)熟睡無夢,增強身(shen)體抵(di)抗力,保持身(shen)強體壯。
巴(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木在醫(yi)藥(yao)上用(yong)途很廣,民間維吾爾醫(yi)用(yong)它治(zhi)療高血(xue)壓、神(shen)經衰弱(ruo)、皮膚過敏、氣(qi)管炎(yan)、小兒(er)佝僂等(deng)疾病(bing)。在國外一(yi)些(xie)國家(jia),有專用(yong)巴(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木釀制(zhi)的巴(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木乳、巴(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木酒補品及苦(ku)仁(ren)制(zhi)的鎮靜止痛藥(yao)劑。近(jin)年,美國的一(yi)些(xie)醫(yi)院,以巴(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木制(zhi)成(cheng)苦(ku)巴(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)球蛋(dan)白(bai)氫氯化物新藥(yao),專治(zhi)流行性病(bing)毒(du)感冒(mao)。在美國芝加哥洛約大學生(sheng)物系(xi)任(ren)主(zhu)任(ren)的哈羅德·曼納在研究巴(ba)丹木成(cheng)果報告中提出,苦(ku)巴(ba)丹木仁(ren)可治(zhi)療癌癥。
新疆巴旦木(mu)的成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟上市時(shi)(shi)(shi)間通常在每年的秋季(ji),大(da)約在7月(yue)(yue)(yue)至9月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)果(guo)實成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟,8月(yue)(yue)(yue)和9月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)是主要的采(cai)摘上市時(shi)(shi)(shi)間。具體而(er)言(yan),巴旦木(mu)從三月(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬(xun)到四月(yue)(yue)(yue)中旬(xun)開花,經過(guo)一個生長周期后(hou),在7月(yue)(yue)(yue)外皮會開裂(lie),標志著果(guo)實開始成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟,到了(le)8月(yue)(yue)(yue),果(guo)實裂(lie)口增大(da),露出巴旦木(mu)殼體,這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候就可(ke)以開始采(cai)摘了(le)。