人物生平
姬鄭(zheng)(zheng)為晉文(wen)公舉(ju)行慶功宴。晉文(wen)公更向姬鄭(zheng)(zheng)“請(qing)隧” (要求在死后也享受天子規格的(de)葬禮),但(dan)被姬鄭(zheng)(zheng)婉言拒絕,而(er)將(jiang)(jiang)陽樊、溫、原和攢茅四邑(在今(jin)河南(nan)省(sheng)濟源縣(xian)、溫縣(xian)和修(xiu)武(wu)縣(xian)內(nei))賜(si)給晉作為報(bao)答(da)。周襄王(wang)十四年(前664年),秦、晉兩國已經擅自將(jiang)(jiang)允姓的(de)一支戎族遷居到周王(wang)朝(chao)(chao)境內(nei)的(de)伊川(今(jin)洛陽市南(nan)伊河)一帶,占據此地。這樣,周王(wang)朝(chao)(chao)的(de)地盤僅剩下(xia)方圓100多里(li)的(de)彈丸(wan)之地。
周(zhou)襄王元年(前651年),齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)宋(song)國(guo)的(de)癸丘(今河南省蘭(lan)考縣(xian)東北)召集魯僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、宋(song)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、衛文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、鄭文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、許僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、曹共公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等國(guo)會(hui)盟,而(er)以齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為主(zhu)盟。姬鄭為感謝齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)對(dui)他(ta)的(de)支持,特地派周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宰孔(kong)參加(jia)大會(hui),并將周(zhou)天(tian)子祭祀祖先(xian)的(de)祭肉分賜給齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),還聲(sheng)明齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)用行(xing)謝恩的(de)下拜禮,以示對(dui)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)霸主(zhu)地位的(de)承認。這次會(hui)盟史稱“癸丘之盟”,它(ta)使齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)聲(sheng)望達到最高峰。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死后(hou),他(ta)的(de)五個兒子爭(zheng)奪國(guo)君的(de)權位,內亂(luan)不(bu)已(yi),國(guo)力(li)削(xue)弱,從而(er)使齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)失去霸主(zhu)的(de)地位。
接(jie)著稱霸的是宋(song)襄公(gong),他是個空(kong)談仁(ren)義道(dao)德的諸(zhu)侯。前638年,楚(chu)國伐(fa)宋(song),宋(song)襄公(gong)率領大(da)軍(jun)迎(ying)戰于泓(hong)(河(he)(he)名,即今河(he)(he)南省柘(zhe)城西北的漶河(he)(he))。他認為(wei)(wei)君子不(bu)能(neng)乘(cheng)敵軍(jun)正在渡河(he)(he)時(shi)發(fa)(fa)起攻擊,不(bu)能(neng)乘(cheng)敵軍(jun)未(wei)列陣之前沖(chong)鋒,不(bu)能(neng)俘虜頭上有(you)些白發(fa)(fa)的敵兵,因而不(bu)顧部下一再請戰,坐失戰機,最后被從容列陣后的楚(chu)軍(jun)打得(de)大(da)敗,他自己也受傷(shang)而身亡。歷史上將他稱為(wei)(wei)十分愚(yu)蠢的人物的代表。
前(qian)632年,晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)率領大(da)軍(jun)在城濮(今(jin)河南(nan)省(sheng)濮縣內)之戰中大(da)敗楚(chu)(chu)軍(jun),聲(sheng)威(wei)大(da)振。晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)將1000名(ming)楚(chu)(chu)軍(jun)俘虜和(he)100輛俘獲的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰車(che)獻給姬(ji)鄭(zheng),姬(ji)鄭(zheng)回贈(zeng)100張(zhang)(zhang)紅色的(de)(de)(de)(de)弓和(he)1000張(zhang)(zhang)黑色的(de)(de)(de)(de)弓,并答應(ying)晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)可以(yi)征伐(fa)其(qi)他(ta)諸(zhu)侯(hou)。同(tong)年冬,晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)在鄭(zheng)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)踐土(今(jin)河南(nan)省(sheng)原陽縣西南(nan))大(da)會諸(zhu)侯(hou);為增加(jia)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)威(wei)望,更派人暗示姬(ji)鄭(zheng)應(ying)該前(qian)去赴會。姬(ji)鄭(zheng)感到堂堂周(zhou)天子竟然落到唯諸(zhu)侯(hou)之命(ming)是從(cong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地步,十分難堪,又懾于(yu)晉(jin)(jin)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)威(wei)力,不得(de)不前(qian)往。后來,孔子寫《春秋》時(shi),將此事寫成“天子狩獵于(yu)河陽”,以(yi)維護周(zhou)天子的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)面。晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)這時(shi)成為威(wei)震(zhen)中原的(de)(de)(de)(de)霸主(zhu)。
繼晉(jin)文公(gong)(gong)(gong)后稱(cheng)霸的(de)是(shi)秦(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。他任用賢才(cai)百(bai)里奚等人,增(zeng)強(qiang)國力,于前624年伐(fa)晉(jin),取得大勝(sheng),威望大振,連(lian)西(xi)戎(rong)(rong)20多個小(xiao)國和部落都聞風歸附,秦(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)被尊奉為西(xi)戎(rong)(rong)的(de)霸主。秦(qin)(qin)又大力向東發展(zhan),擴地(di)1000多里。姬(ji)鄭(zheng)派(pai)使者送去銅鼓12面(mian),表(biao)示(shi)祝賀,也就(jiu)是(shi)正式承認秦(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)霸主地(di)位。
周襄(xiang)王三十二年(前620年),姬(ji)鄭去世(shi),謚號襄(xiang)王。姬(ji)鄭死(si)后,其子姬(ji)壬臣繼位,是為周頃王。
子帶之亂
王(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)帶不甘心(xin)失敗,從公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)649年(nian)起,幾次引(yin)導西戎兵攻周(zhou),都先后(hou)被(bei)挫敗。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)636年(nian),姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng)發覺(jue)王(wang)后(hou)隗(wei)氏與王(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)帶秘密勾結(jie),立即廢黜了(le)隗(wei)后(hou)。王(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)帶得(de)到消(xiao)息,再(zai)次引(yin)導西戎兵攻周(zhou),攻占了(le)都城。姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng)倉皇逃(tao)出,避居(ju)于鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)的汜(si)(今河南省襄(xiang)城縣(xian)),向各國(guo)諸(zhu)侯求救。即位不久的晉(jin)文公(gong)(gong)打著勤王(wang)的旗號,于公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)635年(nian)出兵攻克王(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)帶當時所在的溫,生擒王(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)帶,然后(hou)迎姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng)回都城,將王(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)帶押(ya)到都城處(chu)死(si),平定了(le)內(nei)亂(luan)。這(zhe)次內(nei)亂(luan),史稱“子(zi)(zi)(zi)帶之(zhi)亂(luan)”。
史籍記載
《史記·卷(juan)四·周本(ben)紀第四》
影視形象
1996年電(dian)視劇《東(dong)周(zhou)列國·春秋篇》:魏(wei)金虎飾演周(zhou)襄王(wang)。