一.自然(ran)生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)和人文歷史(shi)因(yin)素(su)
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌 全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣可耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積54.25萬畝(mu),人均(jun)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)近4.5畝(mu),全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型分(fen)為五個土(tu)(tu)(tu)類(山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)棕壤(rang)(rang)、褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)、草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、水稻土(tu)(tu)(tu)),主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)類為褐土(tu)(tu)(tu),占(zhan)(zhan)總面(mian)積的(de)(de)84.32%,分(fen)布于海拔(ba)900—2000米的(de)(de)低(di)山(shan)丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和河(he)谷(gu)平川(chuan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。按全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)國第二(er)次土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)普查,繁峙縣土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)“缺磷少氮(dan)(dan)鉀有余”,全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)養份狀況(kuang)是(shi)(shi)有機質(zhi)1.62-3.23%、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)氮(dan)(dan)0.68-0.74%、有效(xiao)磷0.056%、速效(xiao)鉀3-4.6毫克/100克,屬二(er)級以上耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),非常適宜(yi)胡(hu)麻(ma)生長(chang)。 繁峙縣地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)區(qu)(qu)(qu),境(jing)內山(shan)巒重疊,丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)起伏,東、南、北三面(mian)環山(shan),滹(hu)沱河(he)由東向(xiang)西貫(guan)穿(chuan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣河(he)谷(gu)中(zhong)部(bu)流向(xiang)代(dai)縣,中(zhong)部(bu)狹(xia)長(chang)的(de)(de)河(he)流谷(gu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)為忻定盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)北部(bu)邊緣(yuan)的(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen),全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)由西向(xiang)東逐漸增(zeng)高,平均(jun)海拔(ba)1000米,最(zui)高海拔(ba)3058米,最(zui)低(di)700米。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣整個大地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)呈(cheng)彎弓形(xing)狀。境(jing)內地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)大致可分(fen)為三類:河(he)谷(gu)平川(chuan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣總面(mian)積的(de)(de)11.91%)、丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣總面(mian)積的(de)(de)24.55%)、石(shi)山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣總面(mian)積的(de)(de)63.54%)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣總的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌特(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)平川(chuan)少,山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)多(占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣國土(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)積的(de)(de)88.09%),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌復雜。
(2)水(shui)文情況: 全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)共有兩大河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu):滹(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)和(he)青(qing)洋河(he)(he)。滹(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)是海河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)子牙河(he)(he)水(shui)系主要支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)之一(yi),發源于縣(xian)(xian)境東(dong)部(bu)的(de)(de)太(tai)戲山(shan)下,向(xiang)西流(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)代(dai)縣(xian)(xian),境內全(quan)長約80公里,有大小支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)15條;青(qing)洋河(he)(he)是大清河(he)(he)水(shui)系最上游的(de)(de)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)之一(yi),由神堂堡(bao)鄉向(xiang)東(dong)南流(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)河(he)(he)北省阜平(ping)縣(xian)(xian)。滹(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)和(he)青(qing)洋河(he)(he)以及滹(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)峨河(he)(he)是長流(liu)(liu)(liu)水(shui)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu),其(qi)他河(he)(he)是季節性河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。縣(xian)(xian)內滹(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)階地(di)(di)為(wei)極富水(shui)區,兩邊山(shan)溝(gou)溝(gou)谷出口處的(de)(de)洪(hong)積扇(shan)地(di)(di)帶為(wei)富水(shui)區,山(shan)前丘(qiu)陵(ling)區為(wei)中(zhong)等富水(shui)區。地(di)(di)下水(shui)靜位儲量(liang)25.79億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)/年(nian),調節儲量(liang)1.08億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)/年(nian),動儲量(liang)3.12億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)/年(nian),開采儲量(liang)4.2億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)/年(nian),最大控制(zhi)深度100-172.17米(mi)。各類地(di)(di)下水(shui)質(zhi)優(you)良,屬輕(qing)碳(tan)酸鈣鎂型(xing)水(shui)質(zhi),非常適合飲用與灌溉,優(you)質(zhi)豐富的(de)(de)地(di)(di)下水(shui)資源非常有利于胡麻的(de)(de)生長。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候情況: 繁峙(zhi)縣屬于暖溫(wen)(wen)帶半干旱大陸性(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候,一(yi)年(nian)(nian)四季(ji)分(fen)(fen)明,春(chun)季(ji)干旱、低溫(wen)(wen)、風大,夏季(ji)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)、多(duo)(duo)雨(yu)、日照長(chang)(chang),秋(qiu)季(ji)少雨(yu)、天高(gao)晴爽,冬季(ji)寒冷、少雪、多(duo)(duo)風。各地年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)5.4℃-9.8℃,全年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)為(wei)350-1000毫米,無霜期(qi)為(wei)90—160天。一(yi)月(yue)最冷,平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)0— -4.7℃,七月(yue)最熱,平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)24℃—27.4℃,10℃以上的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)積溫(wen)(wen)2091.5— 3455.1℃。歷(li)年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日照總(zong)時(shi)數為(wei)2906.5小(xiao)時(shi),最多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)可達3153.2小(xiao)時(shi),最少年(nian)(nian)為(wei)2527.1小(xiao)時(shi),作(zuo)物生長(chang)(chang)季(ji)節4-9月(yue)份平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日照1588.3小(xiao)時(shi)。年(nian)(nian)太陽總(zong)輻(fu)射能(neng)為(wei)144.3千(qian)(qian)卡(ka)(ka)/厘米2,比(bi)相鄰(lin)的(de)(de)五臺縣、代(dai)縣分(fen)(fen)別多(duo)(duo)11.4和3.2千(qian)(qian)卡(ka)(ka)/厘米2,分(fen)(fen)別比(bi)北(bei)京(jing)、長(chang)(chang)江中(zhong)下游一(yi)帶多(duo)(duo)9.3和29.3千(qian)(qian)卡(ka)(ka)/厘米2。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候以風大、低溫(wen)(wen)、降(jiang)(jiang)水變(bian)率(lv)大,春(chun)旱年(nian)(nian)份多(duo)(duo),無霜期(qi)短為(wei)主要特點,總(zong)之氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候涼爽、降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)集中(zhong)、西北(bei)風長(chang)(chang)年(nian)(nian)不斷(duan)、光照充足、晝(zhou)夜溫(wen)(wen)差大這樣(yang)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候條(tiao)件正(zheng)好符合胡麻(ma)的(de)(de)生產發育。
二.地域范圍
繁峙縣位于晉(jin)北東(dong)部。東(dong)與靈丘交界(jie)、西與代(dai)縣接(jie)壤,南與五臺縣和河(he)北省(sheng)阜平縣相連,北與應縣和渾源(yuan)為鄰(lin)。繁峙胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)油地理(li)標志產品保護范圍包(bao)括繁峙縣境(jing)內砂(sha)河(he)鎮、東(dong)山(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、金山(shan)鋪鄉(xiang)(xiang)、柏莊鄉(xiang)(xiang)、大營鎮、橫澗(jian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)6個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮192個村(cun),東(dong)經113°24′—113°57′,北緯(wei)39°04′—39°25′。東(dong)至(zhi)橫澗(jian)馬(ma)跑泉村(cun),西至(zhi)砂(sha)河(he)印子坪村(cun),北至(zhi)砂(sha)河(he)地卜溝,南至(zhi)東(dong)山(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)太平溝村(cun)。近(jin)幾年(nian)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)年(nian)種植面積保持在980公頃以(yi)上,年(nian)總產1200噸。
三.產品品質特性特征
(1)感官特色:色澤金黃透明、氣味濃香。
(2)理化指(zhi)標: a-亞麻酸含量≥51%,單不(bu)飽和脂肪酸≥17.9克/100克,多不(bu)飽和脂肪酸 ≥67.9克/100克,維生素E≥396.6毫克/100克。
(3)質量(liang)安全(quan)規定(ding):胡麻(ma)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)農藥使(shi)用(yong)應按GB/T8321.1-9(農藥合理(li)使(shi)用(yong)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)則(ze) 其最新版本及(ji)隨后所有修改單均適用(yong)于本標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun))和NY/1276-2007(農藥安全(quan)使(shi)用(yong)規范(fan)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)則(ze))的規定(ding)執行;胡麻(ma)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)肥料使(shi)用(yong)應符合NY/T496-2010(肥料合理(li)使(shi)用(yong)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)則(ze) 通(tong)則(ze))要求。
四(si).特定生產方(fang)式
(1)整地:秋深耕,冬(dong)鎮壓,春季頂凌(ling)粑磨,播后根(gen)據墑情進行碾(nian)壓等。
(2)施(shi)肥(fei)、選(xuan)種:每(mei)畝施(shi)優質農肥(fei)2000公斤、磷酸(suan)二銨4-5公斤,過磷酸(suan)鈣10-15公斤做底肥(fei),春季淺耕時(shi)施(shi)在(zai)犁(li)溝內,隨后及(ji)時(shi)耙耱鎮壓。選(xuan)用晉亞7、8、9、10、11號(hao),隴亞8、9號(hao)等優良(liang)品種。
(3)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong):平均氣溫(wen)穩定(ding)通過5℃后,地溫(wen)穩定(ding)在8-11℃時播(bo)(bo)種(zhong),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)方法采用耬播(bo)(bo),行(xing)距20-25cm,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)量每畝(mu)3-4kg,深度2—3cm,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)后整壓。
(4)管理:播(bo)后(hou)(hou)苗(miao)前遇雨及時(shi)破除(chu)(chu)板結,出苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)及時(shi)中(zhong)耕除(chu)(chu)草、間(jian)苗(miao)、定苗(miao),畝留苗(miao)20萬-25萬株(zhu)。胡麻現蕾時(shi),進行一次中(zhong)耕,同時(shi)每畝追施(shi)尿(niao)素(su)5-8公斤。 生長后(hou)(hou)期,人工拔除(chu)(chu)田間(jian)雜(za)草。
(5)防病(bing):輪(lun)作期7年以上防治(zhi)枯萎病(bing)。
(6)收獲(huo)、儲(chu)存:當胡麻莖下部葉片(pian)變黃部分脫落、有75%的蒴果發(fa)白變黃、籽粒多數搖動沙沙作響時收獲(huo),收獲(huo)后曬干脫粒得到(dao)胡麻籽,合理儲(chu)存。
(7)加工流程(cheng):胡麻(ma)籽去雜(za)→壓(ya)榨(zha)→沉淀→過濾→灌裝→包裝貯藏,沉淀時間(jian)≥72個小時,壓(ya)榨(zha)溫(wen)度≤80℃。