新能源車電池種類

新能源汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可以(yi)分為兩大類，即蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)適用于純新能源汽車，可以(yi)歸(gui)類為鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳基電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)（鎳一(yi)(yi)氫及(ji)鎳一(yi)(yi)金(jin)屬(shu)氫化物電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳一(yi)(yi)福及(ji)鎳一(yi)(yi)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)）、鈉(na)?電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)（鈉(na)一(yi)(yi)硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和鈉(na)一(yi)(yi)氯化鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)）、二次(ci)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、空氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等(deng)類型。而燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)專(zhuan)用于燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)新能源汽車，可以(yi)分為堿性(xing)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(AFC)、磷酸燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(PAFC)、熔融(rong)碳酸鹽燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(MCFC)、固(gu)體氧化物燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(SOFC)、質(zhi)子交換膜燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(PEMFC)、直接甲醇(chun)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(DMFC)等(deng)類型。

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新能源車電池壽命

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)壽命(ming)有“干貯存(cun)壽命(ming)“和”濕貯存(cun)壽命(ming)“。這(zhe)兩個概念僅是(shi)針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)大小而言的(de)，并(bing)非電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)實際使用期限。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)真(zhen)正壽命(ming)是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)實際使用的(de)時間長短。對一次電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而言，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)壽命(ming)是(shi)表(biao)征給出額定(ding)容(rong)量的(de)工作時間（與放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)倍(bei)率大小有關）。

對二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)而言，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽(shou)(shou)命分充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命和(he)濕(shi)擱置使用(yong)壽(shou)(shou)命兩種(zhong)。充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命，是(shi)衡量二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)性能(neng)的(de)一個重要參數。經受一次(ci)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和(he)放電(dian)(dian)，稱(cheng)為一次(ci)循(xun)環(huan)（或(huo)一個周期(qi)）。在(zai)一定的(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)制度下，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量降(jiang)至某(mou)一規定值之前，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能(neng)耐受的(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)次(ci)數，稱(cheng)為二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命。

充放(fang)電(dian)循環壽(shou)命越長，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的性能越好。在目(mu)前常(chang)用(yong)的二次(ci)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)，鎘鎳電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的充放(fang)電(dian)循環壽(shou)命500~800次(ci)，鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)(chi)200~500次(ci)，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)600~1000次(ci)，鋅銀(yin)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)很短，約(yue)100次(ci)左右。

二次(ci)電池(chi)(chi)的充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電循環(huan)壽命與放(fang)(fang)電深(shen)度(du)、溫度(du)、充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電制式等條件有(you)關。所謂(wei)”放(fang)(fang)電深(shen)度(du)“是指電池(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)出(chu)的容(rong)量占額定容(rong)量的百分數。減少放(fang)(fang)電深(shen)度(du)（即“淺(qian)放(fang)(fang)電”），二次(ci)電池(chi)(chi)的充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電循環(huan)壽命可以(yi)大大延長。

濕擱置使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)，也(ye)是(shi)衡量二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池性能的(de)重(zhong)要參數(shu)之一。它是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池加入了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液后開(kai)始進(jin)行充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)直至充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)終(zhong)止的(de)時間（包括充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池處于放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)態濕擱置的(de)時間）。濕擱置使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)越長，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池性能越好。在(zai)目(mu)前常(chang)用的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中，鎘鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池濕擱置使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)2~3年(nian)，鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池3~5年(nian)，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池5~8年(nian)，鋅(xin)銀(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最(zui)短，只有1年(nian)左右。

新能源車充電方式

1、便攜充電

便(bian)攜充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是指(zhi)使(shi)用隨車(che)附帶(dai)的便(bian)攜充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線連接普(pu)通家(jia)用插座(zuo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)是一種非常方(fang)便(bian)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式，只要能找到插座(zuo)，就(jiu)可以充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。但(dan)是其充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度就(jiu)不敢(gan)恭維了。一般(ban)來說，普(pu)通家(jia)用插座(zuo)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為220V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為10A，理論上功率為2.2kW，而(er)在實(shi)際使(shi)用中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率一般(ban)來說只有(you)1.5kW。奇瑞eQ電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)上配備的便(bian)攜充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置。

也(ye)就是說，使用(yong)便(bian)攜充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，為一(yi)輛北汽新能源EV200純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(續(xu)航里程(cheng)200km，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)30.4kWh)充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)需要20小時(shi)，為一(yi)輛比亞迪(di)e6純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(續(xu)航300km，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)57kWh)充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)需要近40小時(shi)。這種速度簡直讓人無法(fa)忍(ren)受，只能是作為其他充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式的一(yi)種補(bu)(bu)充(chong)(chong)，方便(bian)用(yong)戶隨時(shi)補(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

2、家用充電

家用(yong)(yong)(yong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)是(shi)(shi)最(zui)常(chang)見的(de)(de)一種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)。一般私(si)人用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶購(gou)買電(dian)(dian)動汽車都會附贈一個家用(yong)(yong)(yong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)。當然，光有樁(zhuang)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)夠的(de)(de)，還(huan)需要有車位并且(qie)物業同意安裝。寶馬i3所配備(bei)的(de)(de)i Wallbox Pro充(chong)電(dian)(dian)墻盒(he)，功率為(wei)(wei)7.4kWh。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度方面，由于(yu)每個廠商(shang)提(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)規(gui)格(ge)都不(bu)一樣(yang)，所以(yi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度也不(bu)盡相同。寶馬i3所配備(bei)的(de)(de)i Wallbox Pro充(chong)電(dian)(dian)墻盒(he)功率為(wei)(wei)7.4kW。啟辰晨風有2種家用(yong)(yong)(yong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)，低配版的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)3.6kW，高配版的(de)(de)則是(shi)(shi)6.6kW。騰勢(shi)同樣(yang)提(ti)供(gong)2種家用(yong)(yong)(yong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)柜可供(gong)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，功率分別為(wei)(wei)10kW和(he)20kW。

3、公共充電

家用(yong)(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)雖(sui)(sui)然不(bu)錯，但(dan)還有(you)很多用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶由(you)于沒有(you)固定車位(wei)或是物業不(bu)配合，無法(fa)安裝(zhuang)家用(yong)(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。對他們來說，公(gong)共充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)就成了(le)(le)唯一(yi)(yi)的選擇。如果(guo)家里(li)不(bu)能建充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，就只能到(dao)(dao)(dao)公(gong)共充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)(le)。公(gong)共充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)由(you)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、南(nan)方電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網這類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業建設(she)并維護經營。在今后，隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車產業的成熟，也會有(you)不(bu)少民營資本進入(ru)這一(yi)(yi)領域。公(gong)共充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)分為(wei)(wei)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)和慢(man)(man)充(chong)(chong)，前者(zhe)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后者(zhe)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)：以常見的國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)為(wei)(wei)例，其輸(shu)出(chu)的直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)380V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)可以達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)50A，輸(shu)出(chu)功率可達(da)19kW。不(bu)過(guo)，為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量(liang)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)80%以后，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)就會慢(man)(man)慢(man)(man)下降(jiang)到(dao)(dao)(dao)10A左右。所以，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)充(chong)(chong)到(dao)(dao)(dao)80%以后，應該換到(dao)(dao)(dao)慢(man)(man)充(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)滿，這樣效(xiao)率更(geng)高(gao)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)。交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)慢(man)(man)充(chong)(chong)：由(you)于成本等方面有(you)優勢，交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)慢(man)(man)充(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的數量(liang)較多。雖(sui)(sui)然直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度更(geng)快(kuai)，但(dan)是受用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷和建樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)成本的限制，在一(yi)(yi)個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站里(li)，直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的數量(liang)肯定是占少數的。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)限的資源為(wei)(wei)更(geng)多人提(ti)供充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)服務，必須補充(chong)(chong)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)慢(man)(man)充(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。

如何快速找到充電樁

電動汽車車主可以通過網上城市服務內“汽車充電站”，通過地圖篩查和關鍵字查詢迅速找到最近的充電站，在手機里(li)實(shi)時查看(kan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁充(chong)(chong)電(dian)槍的使(shi)用狀態。以(yi)后(hou)，車主不(bu)會再發(fa)生(sheng)趕到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)站才發(fa)現充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁已經被占用，需要等(deng)至少一兩個(ge)小時的窘境。而且，通(tong)過汽車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)站可以(yi)直接(jie)操作啟動或停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁，并在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)結束(shu)后(hou)一站式完成支付。

目前,“汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)站”充(chong)電(dian)(dian)網路已覆蓋119個城(cheng)市。這意味著這119個城(cheng)市內近80萬電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)車(che)主可以享受上(shang)述查(cha)找、支付等(deng)服(fu)務。電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)一直面臨(lin)著找充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)難的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，制約了行業的(de)(de)(de)發展。此前，市面上(shang)各類(lei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)都是由不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)運營商各自為政，使用獨立的(de)(de)(de)APP。車(che)主的(de)(de)(de)手(shou)機必須(xu)裝十幾個甚至二十幾個APP才能保證能在就近不同(tong)運營商的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)站充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

如今，網上推出“汽車(che)充電(dian)(dian)站”之后，車(che)主只需要用(yong)一個APP便(bian)(bian)可(ke)以(yi)完(wan)成(cheng)。只要你(ni)打開網上汽車(che)充電(dian)(dian)站，便(bian)(bian)會顯(xian)示(shi)附近的充電(dian)(dian)樁，你(ni)需要點擊距離你(ni)最近的一個充電(dian)(dian)樁，頁面便(bian)(bian)會顯(xian)示(shi)其地(di)址，那么(me)你(ni)可(ke)以(yi)直接導(dao)航(hang)過去，非常(chang)便(bian)(bian)利。

新能源車充電注意事項

1、充電時間

正(zheng)確(que)掌握充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間一般(ban)情況蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間在十小時(shi)(shi)左右，要避(bi)免(mian)過度(du)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。準備(bei)出行(xing)(xing)時(shi)(shi)要提(ti)前(qian)安排好途中充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，避(bi)免(mian)行(xing)(xing)駛(shi)中電(dian)(dian)量不足。

2、充電頻率

建議每天(tian)都充電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)算平時行駛路程(cheng)不多(duo)，還是建議每天(tian)都充電(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)處于淺循環狀(zhuang)態，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)壽命會延長。原理(li)就(jiu)像手機電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)一(yi)樣，隨時都可以充。

3、存放

嚴(yan)禁存放時虧(kui)(kui)電在虧(kui)(kui)電狀態(tai)下(xia)存放電池，很容易出現硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽化，硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛結晶物附著在極板(ban)上，會堵塞電離子通(tong)道，造成充(chong)電不(bu)(bu)足，電池容量下(xia)降。虧(kui)(kui)電狀態(tai)閑(xian)置時間越(yue)長，電池損壞(huai)越(yue)重。因(yin)此(ci)，電池閑(xian)置不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)時，應(ying)每月補充(chong)電一次，這(zhe)樣能較好地保持電池健康(kang)狀態(tai)。所(suo)以，平時若不(bu)(bu)經常用(yong)(yong)車，也必須要(yao)打(da)著車。這(zhe)樣才不(bu)(bu)會造成車輛不(bu)(bu)必要(yao)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)出現。