寺廟歷史
顯通寺(si)始建于(yu)東(dong)漢明帝永(yong)平年(nian)(nian)間(公元58年(nian)(nian)-公元75年(nian)(nian)),相傳白(bai)馬寺(si)建成以(yi)后(hou),兩位天竺高僧(seng)邇葉摩騰(teng)、竺法蘭從洛陽來到五(wu)臺(tai)(tai)山(shan),建起了這座寺(si)院,取(qu)名大(da)孚靈(ling)鷺寺(si),世(shi)稱“中國第二古(gu)寺(si)”,它與洛陽白(bai)馬寺(si)同為中國最早的(de)寺(si)廟之一(yi);2003-2004年(nian)(nian)9月,再次改擴建工(gong)程完工(gong),新建的(de)大(da)雄(xiong)寶殿建筑(zhu)面積達(da)999平方(fang)米1982年(nian)(nian),列入(ru)(ru)全國重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護單位,后(hou)并(bing)入(ru)(ru)五(wu)臺(tai)(tai)山(shan)古(gu)建筑(zhu)群。
建筑布局
在全寺中軸線上(shang),寺前(qian)銅塔(ta)聳立,七重殿(dian)宇布從南到北,依(yi)次(ci)為觀音殿(dian)、大文殊殿(dian)、大雄寶殿(dian)、無量殿(dian)、千缽文殊殿(dian)、銅殿(dian)、藏經(jing)樓,此外,還有鐘樓、僧舍和(he)各種(zhong)配殿(dian)。
顯通(tong)寺(si)的(de)大(da)(da)雄(xiong)寶(bao)殿(dian)為(wei)(wei)舉(ju)行佛(fo)事活動主要場所,是(shi)顯通(tong)寺(si)的(de)第三(san)重大(da)(da)殿(dian),殿(dian)內供(gong)著(zhu)三(san)尊佛(fo)像(xiang)(xiang):中是(shi)釋迦牟尼佛(fo),西(xi)是(shi)阿彌陀佛(fo),東是(shi)藥師佛(fo);兩旁(pang)有(you)(you)十八羅漢像(xiang)(xiang)背后有(you)(you)觀(guan)音、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、普賢(xian)三(san)尊菩(pu)薩像(xiang)(xiang)。觀(guan)音殿(dian)殿(dian)內,中間供(gong)著(zhu)觀(guan)音菩(pu)薩像(xiang)(xiang),左(zuo)右(you)供(gong)著(zhu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和普賢(xian)菩(pu)薩像(xiang)(xiang)。大(da)(da)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)殿(dian),是(shi)顯通(tong)寺(si)的(de)第二重大(da)(da)殿(dian)。大(da)(da)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)殿(dian)內,供(gong)著(zhu)七尊文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)菩(pu)薩像(xiang)(xiang):正中的(de)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)智(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu);前面(mian)的(de)五位,從左(zuo)至右(you),依(yi)次為(wei)(wei)西(xi)臺獅子(zi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),南臺智(zhi)慧文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),中臺孺者文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),北臺無垢文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),東臺聰明文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu);大(da)(da)智(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)后面(mian)是(shi)甘露文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)像(xiang)(xiang)前有(you)(you)護法神(shen)韋(wei)馱像(xiang)(xiang),兩側有(you)(you)十八羅漢像(xiang)(xiang)。
寺內建筑
銅殿
銅殿高8.3米,寬4.7米,深4.5米,用銅10萬(wan)斤鑄(zhu)成的。殿建平面見方,寬9尺,深8尺,高丈余,外觀兩層,內(nei)為(wei)一室,四(si)角四(si)柱(zhu),柱(zhu)礎(chu)似(si)鼓。殿內(nei)上(shang)層四(si)面6扇(shan)門(men),下(xia)面四(si)面八扇(shan)門(men),殿內(nei)四(si)壁上(shang)有小佛萬(wan)尊,金光閃(shan)閃(shan),灼灼照人。殿內(nei)四(si)壁鑄(zhu)滿了佛像,號稱萬(wan)佛;殿中央供奉著高3尺的銅佛。
銅殿是在明(ming)代(dai)萬(wan)歷三(san)(san)十(shi)七年(nian)(公元1609年(nian))萬(wan)歷皇帝母(mu)親李太后之師妙峰和(he)(he)尚,集全國13省市(shi)布(bu)施(shi),先后鑄(zhu)成(cheng)三(san)(san)座銅殿,一置(zhi)峨眉山,一置(zhi)南京寶華(hua)山,一置(zhi)五臺(tai)山。三(san)(san)個銅殿均在湖北(bei)省荊州澆鑄(zhu),運至現場組裝(zhuang),如今僅存(cun)五臺(tai)山這一座了。銅殿方形,外(wai)觀重(zhong)檐兩層(ceng),高約5米(mi),四周(zhou)隔扇上欞(ling)花圖(tu)案和(he)(he)壺門花鳥裝(zhuang)飾。
內壁四面鑄(zhu)(zhu)滿小(xiao)佛(fo)萬尊,中央臺上(shang)端(duan)坐(zuo)一尊大(da)(da)佛(fo),故(gu)稱“萬佛(fo)如來”,殿前原(yuan)有(you)同期(qi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造銅(tong)(tong)塔五座(zuo),按東西(xi)南北(bei)中方位(wei)布(bu)置,象征(zheng)五座(zuo)臺頂,可惜在(zai)日本(ben)侵華期(qi)間,被(bei)日本(ben)侵略者盜走(zou)了三座(zuo),僅東西(xi)兩座(zuo)原(yuan)塔尚存。塔有(you)13層,高8米,塔身(shen)滿鑄(zhu)(zhu)佛(fo)像(xiang)圖(tu)案,底座(zuo)正方形,四角(jiao)各鑄(zhu)(zhu)一尊力(li)士,手(shou)托,肩(jian)扛或頭頂塔身(shen)。兩塔下西(xi)南角(jiao)有(you)大(da)(da)如拇指(zhi)的小(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)廟(miao),內坐(zuo)小(xiao)指(zhi)大(da)(da)的土(tu)地像(xiang)。后(hou)又以鐵補鑄(zhu)(zhu)三座(zuo)塔立于(yu)原(yuan)處。銅(tong)(tong)殿、銅(tong)(tong)塔皆飾以金箔。
藏經殿
銅殿(dian)兩旁(pang)又各有一座潔白小巧的(de)(de)重檐磚殿(dian)。最(zui)高層的(de)(de)藏(zang)經殿(dian),俗(su)稱后(hou)殿(dian),原放藏(zang)經,已辟(pi)為文物陳列(lie)室。其中手工藝品有北魏孝文帝時黃金鎮(zhen)風印和銅鑄(zhu)旃檀(tan)佛,南北朝的(de)(de)石雕(diao)(diao)觀(guan)音(yin)和脅侍瑪薩,清代燒制的(de)(de)濟公和尚瓷像、蘇武牧羊花瓶、木雕(diao)(diao)善財童子和觀(guan)音(yin),銅鑄(zhu)劉海戲金蟾和四十八臂觀(guan)音(yin),以及水晶塔、銀(yin)塔和各色景(jing)泰藍供件等(deng)。
書(shu)畫(hua)有北宋(song)開寶(bao)年(nian)問(wen)印刷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雷(lei)鋒塔(ta)藏(zang)經,元(yuan)初(chu)趙子昂夫婦畫(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬和(he)觀音,明沈周繪(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)云長,明丁云鵬在小(xiao)(xiao)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)菩提(ti)葉上(shang)(shang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十八羅漢等。最尊(zun)貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要數原奉供五臺(tai)碧山寺,顯(xian)通寺文物陳列內展出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)華(hua)嚴經字(zi)塔(ta)。字(zi)塔(ta)長l丈7尺,寬(kuan)5尺,由白綾和(he)黃綾裱(biao)糊而成(cheng),上(shang)(shang)書(shu)《華(hua)嚴經》80卷,計600043字(zi)。綾上(shang)(shang)寫字(zi)不(bu)算奇(qi),奇(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是用一(yi)部經文正好組成(cheng)了一(yi)幅寶(bao)塔(ta)圖案(an)。遠望象是綾上(shang)(shang)用工筆畫(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)七級高塔(ta),塔(ta)身嵌以樓閣佛(fo)像(xiang),飛檐吊(diao)以風鐘(zhong)(zhong),塔(ta)邊飾以花(hua)卉,十分形(xing)象。蓮花(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細莖,風鐘(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吊(diao)繩,佛(fo)像(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眉毛,都是一(yi)行行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)字(zi)。華(hua)嚴經字(zi)塔(ta)系清康熙年(nian)間蘇州三寶(bao)弟子許德心用十二年(nian)功夫書(shu)成(cheng)。
無量殿
五臺山(shan)(shan)顯通寺(si)無(wu)量(liang)(liang)殿(dian)(dian)分上下兩層(ceng),明七(qi)間(jian)暗三間(jian),仿木結(jie)構,面寬28.2米,進深16米,高(gao)20.3米,重檐歇山(shan)(shan)頂,磚券而成,三個(ge)連續拱并列,左(zuo)右山(shan)(shan)墻(qiang)成為拱腳,各間(jian)之間(jian)依靠開拱門聯系,雕刻精湛,是中國(guo)古代磚石建筑藝術的杰作。外(wai)檐磚刻斗栱花(hua)卉,內雕藻井(jing)懸空,形(xing)似花(hua)蓋寶頂,殿(dian)(dian)內供有無(wu)量(liang)(liang)佛(fo)。
殿內保存的(de)《華嚴(yan)(yan)經》字(zi)塔,屬稀世珍寶,塔是由長5.7米(mi)、寬1.7米(mi)的(de)白綾組成一幅七(qi)層寶塔圖像(xiang),回欄(lan)曲檻,斗栱華檐,白綾上(shang)用蠅頭小楷寫(xie)《華嚴(yan)(yan)經》八十卷(juan),共有(you)(you)600043字(zi),它是康熙(xi)年(nian)間(jian)蘇州人(ren)許德興用十二年(nian)的(de)時間(jian)寫(xie)成的(de)。無量殿正面每(mei)層有(you)(you)七(qi)個閣(ge)洞,閣(ge)洞上(shang)嵌有(you)(you)磚雕(diao)匾額,有(you)(you)的(de)題(ti)“普光明殿”,有(you)(you)的(de)題(ti)“法菩提場”,有(you)(you)的(de)題(ti)“逝多(duo)園(yuan)林”等。
大佛殿
大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)(fo)殿(dian)重建(jian)于清(qing)(qing)光緒二十(shi)五年(公(gong)元1899年),系木結構(gou)建(jian)筑。大(da)(da)(da)雄寶殿(dian),是(shi)舉辦盛(sheng)大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)(fo)事活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場所。此殿(dian)占地(di)一(yi)畝二分(fen),高(gao)大(da)(da)(da)肅穆(mu)。殿(dian)內(nei)正前方的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫梁上(shang)(shang),高(gao)懸康熙御筆“真如(ru)權應(ying)”木匾,下面(mian)條幅橫懸,兩旁錦幡垂掛。殿(dian)臺(tai)上(shang)(shang),并列主(zhu)佛(fo)(fo)三尊,中間是(shi)釋迦牟尼佛(fo)(fo),東面(mian)是(shi)藥師佛(fo)(fo),西面(mian)是(shi)阿彌陀佛(fo)(fo),殿(dian)墻兩側(ce)是(shi)十(shi)八羅漢,均為明、清(qing)(qing)雕(diao)塑。佛(fo)(fo)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)面(mian)十(shi)分(fen)寬敞,經案上(shang)(shang)佛(fo)(fo)燈高(gao)照(zhao),寶鼎焚香,擺(bai)(bai)著(zhu)各(ge)色供果,敬(jing)有(you)美麗鮮(xian)花。東面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經案頭,還擺(bai)(bai)著(zhu)鼓、磬(qing)、鐺、木魚等佛(fo)(fo)家樂(le)器。不僅本寺僧人在這座殿(dian)內(nei)做(zuo)早(zao)晚功課,每(mei)逢大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)事活動(dong)日,由五臺(tai)山(shan)佛(fo)(fo)教協(xie)會主(zhu)持,各(ge)寺廟的(de)(de)(de)(de)僧尼都要(yao)身披袈裟,匯集到這里舉行禮佛(fo)(fo)儀式(shi)。
文殊殿
大文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊殿(dian)是顯通寺(si)(si)的(de)(de)第(di)二重大殿(dian)。重建(jian)于1746年(清(qing)乾隆11年),系木(mu)結構建(jian)筑。五(wu)臺(tai)山是文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊菩(pu)薩(sa)的(de)(de)道(dao)場(chang),各寺(si)(si)廟均以供奉文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊菩(pu)薩(sa)為(wei)(wei)主。自然顯通寺(si)(si)也不例外。所不同的(de)(de)是,顯通寺(si)(si)的(de)(de)大文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊殿(dian)內,供著七尊文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊菩(pu)薩(sa)像(xiang):正中(zhong)的(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)大智(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊;前面的(de)(de)五(wu)位(wei),從左至右,依(yi)次為(wei)(wei)西(xi)臺(tai)獅子文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊,南臺(tai)智(zhi)慧文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊,中(zhong)臺(tai)孺者文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊,北臺(tai)無(wu)垢文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊,東(dong)臺(tai)聰明(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊;大智(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊后(hou)面是甘露文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊。此(ci)外,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊像(xiang)前有護法神韋(wei)馱像(xiang),兩側有十八(ba)羅(luo)漢(han)像(xiang)。大雄寶(bao)殿(dian)是顯通寺(si)(si)的(de)(de)第(di)三(san)重大殿(dian),殿(dian)內供著三(san)世佛(fo)像(xiang):中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)釋迦牟尼佛(fo),西(xi)為(wei)(wei)阿彌(mi)陀佛(fo),東(dong)為(wei)(wei)藥師佛(fo);兩旁有十八(ba)羅(luo)漢(han)像(xiang);背后(hou)有觀(guan)音、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊、普賢三(san)尊菩(pu)薩(sa)像(xiang)。
寺廟評價
顯通(tong)寺(si)是(shi)五臺(tai)山建立的(de)(de)(de)第一座佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)寺(si)院(yuan),是(shi)五臺(tai)山佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)源地(di)和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)心,其發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)歷(li)史不僅見證了中(zhong)國佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)程,而(er)且是(shi)五臺(tai)山佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)縮影,同時也是(shi)研究中(zhong)國北方佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)活標(biao)本(ben)。寺(si)內除文(wen)(wen)物建筑本(ben)體(ti)外,還保存有豐富的(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)藝術珍品,蘊藏著極(ji)為豐富的(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)(wen)化內涵,具有較高的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史、科學和藝術價(jia)值。(五臺(tai)山宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)(wen)物部門評)
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交通
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