物理防蟲措施

物理措施是利用害蟲固有的趨光、趨味性來捕殺害蟲，創造有利于蔬菜生產、不利于病蟲害發生的生態環境，確保生態環境和蔬菜質量安全。廣泛使用(yong)的有(you)性誘(you)劑、殺蟲(chong)燈、色板(ban)誘(you)殺及(ji)防(fang)蟲(chong)網阻(zu)隔、銀灰(hui)膜(mo)趨避(bi)害(hai)蟲(chong)等(deng)理(li)化誘(you)控技(ji)術(shu)。

1、燈光誘殺（燈誘技術）

利(li)用害蟲(chong)(chong)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)的趨光、波、顏色等(deng)特性，引誘(you)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)撲燈，燈外(wai)配以(yi)(yi)高壓電網將害蟲(chong)(chong)擊暈落(luo)入接蟲(chong)(chong)袋，可以(yi)(yi)誘(you)殺(sha)鱗(lin)翅目、鞘(qiao)翅目、直翅目、同翅目等(deng)蔬菜(cai)(cai)害蟲(chong)(chong)20余種。主要誘(you)殺(sha)的有小菜(cai)(cai)蛾(e)、甜菜(cai)(cai)夜蛾(e)、斜紋(wen)夜蛾(e)、小地老(lao)虎、金龜子等(deng)9種害蟲(chong)(chong)。

2、性誘劑引誘（性誘技術）

害蟲(chong)雌蛾在性(xing)(xing)成熟后(hou)釋放(fang)出一(yi)種稱為性(xing)(xing)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息素的(de)化學信(xin)(xin)(xin)息素。昆蟲(chong)性(xing)(xing)誘(you)劑是仿生(sheng)高科技產品，通過誘(you)芯釋放(fang)人工合成的(de)性(xing)(xing)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息素化合物，并緩釋至(zhi)田間，引誘(you)雄蛾至(zhi)誘(you)捕(bu)器，并用物理法(fa)殺死雄蛾，從而(er)破(po)壞其交配，最(zui)終達到防(fang)治的(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)。目(mu)(mu)前使(shi)用較多的(de)有小(xiao)菜蛾、斜(xie)紋夜蛾，甜菜夜蛾、瓜實(shi)蠅、棉(mian)鈴蟲(chong)、煙青蟲(chong)、豆(dou)野螟、豆(dou)莢螟等。

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3、色板誘殺（色誘技術）

利用害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)對不同顏色(se)的(de)(de)趨性(xing)進行有色(se)黏板誘(you)殺(sha)。懸掛黃(huang)色(se)粘板誘(you)殺(sha)白(bai)粉虱、斑潛(qian)蠅、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和黃(huang)曲條跳甲；藍板誘(you)殺(sha)薊(ji)(ji)馬等(deng)(deng)。另外，將色(se)誘(you)與燈光、頻振波、性(xing)誘(you)劑(ji)、食誘(you)劑(ji)、殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)等(deng)(deng)復(fu)合制成器(qi)(qi)械、器(qi)(qi)具、涂料等(deng)(deng)以擴大和提高誘(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)范圍和效果。比(bi)如，在黃(huang)板上(shang)放置(zhi)小菜蛾性(xing)誘(you)劑(ji)可(ke)誘(you)殺(sha)小菜蛾成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，藍板上(shang)放置(zhi)薊(ji)(ji)馬信(xin)息素誘(you)芯可(ke)雙(shuang)重引誘(you)薊(ji)(ji)馬成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，白(bai)色(se)粘蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)板配以性(xing)誘(you)劑(ji)可(ke)誘(you)殺(sha)食心蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)雄(xiong)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、棉鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)雄(xiong)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)多種(zhong)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。

4、食物誘殺（食誘技術）

利(li)用害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)趨(qu)化性，在其(qi)所喜歡(huan)的(de)(de)食(shi)物中摻入適量毒劑(ji)來誘(you)殺害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)技術，也稱為美食(shi)誘(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)法(fa)。用糖醋液可誘(you)殺地老(lao)虎、黏蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、夜蛾及金(jin)龜子等害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。

5、防蟲網技術

蔬菜防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)網是(shi)以(yi)防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)網構建的人工隔離(li)屏障，將(jiang)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拒之(zhi)于(yu)(yu)網外(wai)，從而(er)收到防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)保(bao)菜的效果。防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)網覆蓋可防(fang)(fang)止菜青蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、小菜蛾、斑潛蠅、蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)以(yi)及夜蛾等害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的危害(hai)；切斷害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的傳(chuan)毒途徑，有(you)利于(yu)(yu)減輕病毒的危害(hai)；還(huan)具有(you)防(fang)(fang)冰雹(bao)和防(fang)(fang)凍(dong)害(hai)等功能。一般用(yong)白色(se)防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)網，如(ru)果需加(jia)強防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)網的遮光效果，可選用(yong)銀灰色(se)、灰色(se)或黑(hei)色(se)防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)網。

6、銀灰反光膜拒蚜技術

在(zai)田間掛設銀灰膜條，即(ji)將(jiang)寬4～5 cm的膜帶縱橫掛于作物上(shang)部，高出(chu)植(zhi)株(zhu)生長點20 cm以上(shang)，使蚜蟲(chong)不(bu)降落到植(zhi)株(zhu)上(shang)。

7、土壤滅菌，種子消毒技術

在播種(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)對種(zhong)(zhong)子進行除雜處理和(he)消毒(du)(du)處理，用水(shui)(shui)洗、風選等(deng)辦法去除雜物，用熱(re)力(li)處理、溫湯浸種(zhong)(zhong)和(he)干熱(re)處理的(de)方法來殺滅種(zhong)(zhong)子表面(mian)的(de)病毒(du)(du)、細菌和(he)真(zhen)菌等(deng)。利用日曬、土(tu)壤蒸汽、燒土(tu)、烘土(tu)、熱(re)水(shui)(shui)澆灌等(deng)熱(re)力(li)消毒(du)(du)方法進行土(tu)壤滅菌。目前(qian)只應用于苗床或小規模地塊，大田(tian)應用較少。

生物防蟲措施

生(sheng)物防(fang)治是利(li)用有益微生(sheng)物或其代謝物及生(sheng)物技術(shu)獲得的生(sheng)物產物來進行(xing)病蟲(chong)害防(fang)治的方法。

1、天敵防蟲技術

在(zai)農事活動中，注(zhu)重保(bao)護利(li)用(yong)(yong)自然天(tian)敵(di)或人工繁殖、釋(shi)放、引進捕食性(xing)(xing)天(tian)敵(di)來(lai)防(fang)(fang)治害蟲(chong)(chong)。捕食性(xing)(xing)天(tian)敵(di)有(you)赤(chi)眼蜂(feng)、瓢蟲(chong)(chong)、捕食螨(man)等；寄生(sheng)性(xing)(xing)天(tian)敵(di)有(you)赤(chi)眼蜂(feng)、土蜂(feng)、線蟲(chong)(chong)、小蜂(feng)等。利(li)用(yong)(yong)天(tian)敵(di)防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)，如大陸螯蜂(feng)防(fang)(fang)治薊馬，利(li)用(yong)(yong)食蚜蠅(ying)和七星瓢蟲(chong)(chong)防(fang)(fang)治蚜蟲(chong)(chong)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)草青蛉(ling)防(fang)(fang)治紅蜘蛛等。特(te)別是(shi)在(zai)連棟(dong)蔬菜大棚里，利(li)用(yong)(yong)天(tian)敵(di)防(fang)(fang)治害蟲(chong)(chong)，效果甚(shen)佳(jia)。

2、生物農藥防蟲技術

利用活體微生物農藥進行植物病害的防治，主要有細菌殺菌劑、真菌殺菌劑、線蟲制劑等。利用昆蟲病原微生物進行防治，主要有白僵菌、綠僵菌等病原真菌的利用；各種多角體病毒的利用；蘇云金桿菌、短穩桿菌細菌性殺蟲劑防治鱗、鞘、直、雙、膜翅目害蟲等，以及植物源殺蟲劑。