簡介
明(ming)永樂初年,道教(jiao)(jiao)長春派創始人(ren),謫滇“高(gao)(gao)道”劉淵然(1351年~1432年)即居此觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)闡道。宣(xuan)德四年(1429年),黔國(guo)公沐晟(sheng)兄弟出資,劉淵然的(de)高(gao)(gao)徒蔣日(ri)和(he)主持(chi)(chi)擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)。先后(hou)用了六年才完工(gong)。“凡門(men)廡、藏殿之(zhi)(zhi)制一時具舉。”使得“東郭(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)間,輝然增勝。”洪熙元年(1425年),真(zhen)武閣改名真(zhen)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),蔣日(ri)和(he)受封為(wei)“明(ming)真(zhen)顯道弘教(jiao)(jiao)法師”。蔣日(ri)和(he)被褒(bao)獎后(hou)一直任真(zhen)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)住持(chi)(chi),在他苦(ku)心營(ying)造(zao)下,真(zhen)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)一度成為(wei)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)明(ming)地(di)區香火最(zui)旺的(de)道教(jiao)(jiao)宮觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。至(zhi)其“羽化”(道士死后(hou)婉稱)后(hou),由師弟徐道廣接任道長。傳徐有道術,繼續把長春派要旨發揚(yang)光大(da)(da)。真(zhen)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)自明(ming)正統以后(hou)嘉靖及清代(dai)康熙、乾隆,光緒各朝都有修葺和(he)擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)。民(min)(min)國(guo)36年(1947年)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)明(ming)市市長曾恕(shu)懷頒保護真(zhen)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)布告,但到民(min)(min)國(guo)末年已逐(zhu)(zhu)漸衰頹。自20世紀50年代(dai)開始,真(zhen)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸被工(gong)廠、單位和(he)居民(min)(min)占用。及至(zhi)“文化大(da)(da)革命”,古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)岌岌可危。至(zhi)2001年夏重修之(zhi)(zhi)前,經實地(di)考察和(he)拍(pai)照。現存真(zhen)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)由真(zhen)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、都雷府和(he)鹽(yan)隆祠三(san)部分組(zu)成,占地(di)面積(ji)4萬余平方米。是昆(kun)(kun)(kun)明(ming)市區占地(di)面積(ji)最(zui)大(da)(da)、保存明(ming)清兩(liang)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)最(zui)多(duo),較完整的(de)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群。對云南(nan)(nan)的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)史(shi)、藝術史(shi)、宗教(jiao)(jiao)史(shi)及云南(nan)(nan)與(yu)中(zhong)原文化交流的(de)研究有重要價值。
核心建筑
真慶觀(guan)核心建(jian)筑由前(qian)殿(dian)、紫微殿(dian)、老君(jun)殿(dian)組(zu)成(cheng)。舊塑神(shen)(shen)(shen)像(xiang)早(zao)已不存(cun),據記載,正(zheng)殿(dian)供奉玉皇(huang)、左右配以雷神(shen)(shen)(shen)和(he)真武像(xiang),兩旁(pang)各(ge)(ge)有七八個雷部神(shen)(shen)(shen)像(xiang)。正(zheng)殿(dian)東(dong)西廊為(wei)群仙廊,供有60尊各(ge)(ge)路(lu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)仙,后(hou)殿(dian)供老君(jun)和(he)其他神(shen)(shen)(shen)像(xiang),各(ge)(ge)各(ge)(ge)儀態閑如。其中保(bao)存(cun)完好的當數紫微殿(dian),進深四間,占地(di)320平方米(mi),單檐(yan)歇山,斗拱粗大疏朗(lang),梁結(jie)構(gou)具明代北(bei)京皇(huang)家建(jian)筑風格(ge),殿(dian)中央頂部原有八卦太極圖(tu)藻(zao)井,結(jie)構(gou)精(jing)巧,特點突出,但后(hou)來整修時,將太極圖(tu)改為(wei)飛龍(long)圖(tu),失去了道家特色。
都雷府
紫(zi)微殿(dian)(dian)東側(ce)為都(dou)(dou)雷府,建(jian)于清康熙年間重修(xiu),大(da)門為單檐,四角翹起(qi),斗(dou)拱承(cheng)載(zai),大(da)門兩側(ce)有木刻(ke)對(dui)聯一(yi)(yi)副:“愿天常生好人,愿人常行好事(shi)。”門楣前題“都(dou)(dou)雷府”,后題:“萬(wan)古(gu)神(shen)(shen)風”。大(da)門內有一(yi)(yi)高(gao)亭(ting),名清風亭(ting),斗(dou)拱承(cheng)載(zai),雕(diao)梁畫棟,造型獨特,往前為都(dou)(dou)雷府大(da)殿(dian)(dian),清代除供奉雷神(shen)(shen)外,還“獨塑一(yi)(yi)王靈官像于殿(dian)(dian)內”。都(dou)(dou)雷府殿(dian)(dian)側(ce)有一(yi)(yi)香(xiang)油(you)井(jing),用以存儲香(xiang)油(you)供各殿(dian)(dian)使用。都(dou)(dou)雷府往北尚存一(yi)(yi)古(gu)井(jing),名八卦井(jing),水甘冽,充滿神(shen)(shen)奇傳說。
鹽隆祠
都雷府北面為鹽隆祠(ci),光緒七年(nian)(1881年(nian))云南鹽商集資興建(jian),清末(mo)和民國(guo)初年(nian)鹽行即此處,鹽隆祠(ci)分戲(xi)臺、前(qian)殿、兩(liang)邊(bian)廂房和大殿,大殿為土(tu)木結構,進深兩(liang)間,面闊三間,樓上有(you)走廊(lang)花廳刻有(you)二十(shi)四孝圖等傳(chuan)統道德畫,石欄浮雕(diao),栩栩如生。
劉淵然師徒
真(zhen)慶觀之所以蜚聲海內,除歷史悠久以外,還因劉淵(yuan)然(ran)師徒(tu)在(zai)全國(guo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)界的影響,劉淵(yuan)然(ran)(1351年~1432年),江(jiang)西贛縣區人,道(dao)(dao)(dao)號(hao)(hao)體元子,道(dao)(dao)(dao)行高(gao)深(shen),明(ming)洪武間朱(zhu)元璋召至師宗(zong),賜(si)號(hao)(hao)高(gao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。永樂初(chu)年任道(dao)(dao)(dao)錄司(si)右、左“正(zheng)一”管道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)事。嗣因得罪權貴被謫至昆(kun)(kun)明(ming)。在(zai)龍泉觀闡教(jiao)。其門徒(tu)“殆百余人”。門徒(tu)中(zhong)蔣日(ri)和、邵以正(zheng)是(shi)名(ming)聞全國(guo)的“高(gao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)”。其中(zhong),邵以正(zheng)是(shi)昆(kun)(kun)明(ming)人,號(hao)(hao)止止道(dao)(dao)(dao)人,又號(hao)(hao)承康子,天順元年(1457年)明(ming)英宗(zong)賜(si)號(hao)(hao)“通妙真(zhen)人”。正(zheng)統(tong)(tong)十年(1445年)整理校定5305卷的《正(zheng)統(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)藏》傳世(shi),在(zai)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)學術史上有相當地位。明(ming)仁宗(zong)洪熙(xi)元年(1425年)劉淵(yuan)然(ran)受召回(hui)京,得封(feng)“沖虛(xu)至道(dao)(dao)(dao)玄(xuan)妙無為光(guang)范衍教(jiao)莊靜普濟(ji)長(chang)春真(zhen)人”號(hao)(hao),并“領天下(xia)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)事”,從(cong)而使真(zhen)慶觀名(ming)聲大(da)噪。
修復
真慶(qing)觀(guan)(guan)于(yu)2003年(nian)4月修(xiu)復,修(xiu)復后(hou)的古建(jian)(jian)筑群(qun)面積約4800平方米,園林建(jian)(jian)設9000平方米,仍(reng)按原有(you)布局分為三個景(jing)區:真慶(qing)觀(guan)(guan)以紫微(wei)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為中(zhong)(zhong)心,結合老(lao)君殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),組成(cheng)(cheng)第(di)一個景(jing)區,都雷(lei)府以雷(lei)神(shen)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為中(zhong)(zhong)心,由門樓、清風亭、火神(shen)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)組成(cheng)(cheng)第(di)二個景(jing)區;鹽隆(long)祠以大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為中(zhong)(zhong)心,由前殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、戲臺等(deng)組成(cheng)(cheng)第(di)三個景(jing)區,新建(jian)(jian)真慶(qing)文(wen)化(hua)廣場(chang)融古建(jian)(jian)筑、道教文(wen)化(hua)、休閑娛樂(le)、精品(pin)展示(shi)、旅游觀(guan)(guan)光為一體(ti),是昆明歷史文(wen)化(hua)名城的一個亮點(dian),也是國內旅游者的一大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂。