一.產品介紹
巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)在(zai)當地(di)栽培歷(li)史悠(you)久(jiu),據(ju)(ju)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)回(hui)(hui)族(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)《林(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)》記載(zai):“巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是縣(xian)內特(te)有的(de)晚熟(shu)耐儲藏(zang)的(de)優良品(pin)種,已(yi)有近百(bai)(bai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)栽培歷(li)史”。 因成熟(shu)于冬季,群眾又稱之(zhi)為“冬雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”。 據(ju)(ju)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)回(hui)(hui)族(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)局整(zheng)理的(de)資料《紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)王》中(zhong)(zhong)記載(zai):“在(zai)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)縣(xian)海(hai)拔2400米的(de)鼠(shu)街新家(jia)村上對生長有一株自(zi)(zi)然雜交而成的(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),據(ju)(ju)有關專(zhuan)家(jia)認定該樹至(zhi)今(jin)已(yi)在(zai)這(zhe)片土(tu)地(di)上巍(wei)(wei)(wei)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)挺立了兩(liang)百(bai)(bai)多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)”。據(ju)(ju)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)縣(xian)地(di)方舊志叢(cong)書(清)《蒙化志稿》第(di)十四卷(juan)物產(chan)志記載(zai):“梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(一名(ming)(ming)快果,一名(ming)(ming)玉乳,一名(ming)(ming)蜜父,有雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、蠻(man)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、香(xiang)酥、早白、火把、花紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)、水扁數(shu)種)”。據(ju)(ju)縣(xian)《林(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)》、《巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)回(hui)(hui)族(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)志》及《巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)鑒》記載(zai):“1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),由縣(xian)政協牽頭,組織(zhi)了縣(xian)科(ke)(ke)委、民委、經協辦、農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)局、國土(tu)辦等有關單位(wei)進(jin)行紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)資源(yuan)調查,獲得巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)縣(xian)1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)成果二等獎,并于1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4月在(zai)《云(yun)南(nan)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)報》進(jin)行了報道。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),經有關專(zhuan)家(jia)鑒定,巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)為云(yun)南(nan)罕(han)見品(pin)種,具有開(kai)發(fa)價(jia)值。1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)開(kai)發(fa)被列為云(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)‘星火計劃’項目(mu)之(zhi)一。1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)底統計,全縣(xian)掛果紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)6萬(wan)多株,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)量100萬(wan)斤。1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)被云(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)溫帶(dai)果樹專(zhuan)家(jia)評委會評為省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)晚熟(shu)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)第(di)一名(ming)(ming),并頒發(fa)了證書。1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)獲得云(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)農(nong)(nong)牧漁業(ye)(ye)(ye)廳優質水果產(chan)品(pin)證書,1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)獲得中(zhong)(zhong)國第(di)二屆農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)博(bo)覽會銀質獎產(chan)品(pin)”。 巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)晚熟(shu)、耐貯藏(zang)、外觀艷(yan)麗,富含氨基酸,營養(yang)豐富,深受消(xiao)費者青睞,市場(chang)供不(bu)應求(qiu)。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)回(hui)(hui)族(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)綠源(yuan)林(lin)(lin)果有限責任公(gong)司生產(chan)的(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)獲得了“綠色食(shi)品(pin)A級”認證。2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),巍(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)被云(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)列為農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)地(di)方標準示范項目(mu)。
二.自(zi)然生態(tai)環境和人文歷(li)史(shi)因素
(1)地質地貌 種(zhong)植區地勢由(you)西北(bei)向(xiang)東(dong)南(nan)傾斜和(he)降低,西部為(wei)高山(shan)峽(xia)谷(gu),東(dong)部為(wei)高山(shan),中間為(wei)巍(wei)山(shan)壩子,最高海拔(ba)(ba)3037 m,最低海拔(ba)(ba)1146 m,平(ping)均海拔(ba)(ba)1780 m。適宜種(zhong)植的(de)海拔(ba)(ba)為(wei)1700m~2400m,土(tu)壤(rang)主要類型以紫色(se)土(tu)和(he)紅壤(rang)土(tu)為(wei)主, PH值(zhi)5.6~7.2的(de)山(shan)區半(ban)山(shan)區及緩坡(po)地,土(tu)壤(rang)有機(ji)質含量高,疏松、透氣(qi)、排(pai)水良好。
(2)水(shui)(shui)文情況 種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區主要河(he)流有漾江和西河(he),流經縣(xian)內(nei)十(shi)個鄉鎮,漾江歸入瀾滄江水(shui)(shui)系(xi),西河(he)歸入紅河(he)水(shui)(shui)系(xi)。種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)豐富,水(shui)(shui)質優良(liang)。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)情況 種(zhong)植區屬(shu)北亞熱(re)帶高原(yuan)季風氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou),境(jing)內山勢磅(bang)礴,峻(jun)嶺逶(wei)迤,河谷(gu)、山地(di)、壩子相(xiang)間分布(bu),在(zai)特定(ding)的(de)地(di)理(li)條(tiao)件下形(xing)成了(le)冬無(wu)嚴寒(han)、夏無(wu)酷暑、冬干夏雨、干濕季分明和(he)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)水平(ping)分布(bu)復雜,“立體(ti)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)”明顯(xian)的(de)地(di)域性氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)及立體(ti)性氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)特征。年(nian)最(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)32.4℃,最(zui)低(di)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-1.1℃,年(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)15.8℃;無(wu)霜期246天;年(nian)平(ping)均日照時(shi)數(shu)為2342.8小時(shi),冬半年(nian)多于夏半年(nian);年(nian)平(ping)均降(jiang)雨量800~1000mm,主要集中在(zai)7、8月(yue)份。
三.地域范圍
巍山(shan)紅雪梨產于云南省(sheng)大理白族自治州巍山(shan)彝族回(hui)族自治縣境內(nei),種植區域涉及馬鞍山(shan)鄉(xiang)、巍寶山(shan)鄉(xiang)、五印鄉(xiang)、紫金(jin)鄉(xiang)、南詔鎮(zhen)、廟(miao)街(jie)鎮(zhen)、大倉鎮(zhen)、永建鎮(zhen)、牛街(jie)鄉(xiang)、青華鄉(xiang)十個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen),地理坐標為(wei):東(dong)經99°55′~100°25′、北緯24°56′~25°32′之(zhi)間,東(dong)西寬47㎞,南北長(chang)65㎞,種植總面(mian)積2000公頃,年(nian)產量(liang)50000噸。
四.產品品質特(te)性(xing)特(te)征
(1)外在感官(guan)特(te)征 巍山紅(hong)(hong)雪梨(li)成年(nian)果(guo)樹樹高1.5m以上(shang),整(zheng)(zheng)形(xing)(xing)修剪(jian)多(duo)為主(zhu)干疏散分(fen)層形(xing)(xing)和自然開心形(xing)(xing),葉(xie)翠綠;是一種晚熟優(you)質水果(guo),每年(nian)2月底(di)3月初開花,10—12月成熟;耐貯藏(zang),可(ke)貯藏(zang)到翌年(nian)梨(li)花盛開時節;果(guo)卵圓形(xing)(xing),大小整(zheng)(zheng)齊,平均單果(guo)重150~250克,表(biao)皮底(di)色(se)(se)發黃,三分(fen)之二以上(shang)果(guo)面鮮紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se),似(si)胭脂(zhi)紅(hong)(hong),色(se)(se)澤鮮艷美觀,果(guo)肉(rou)白色(se)(se),肉(rou)質細(xi)而質脆(cui)、汁多(duo)無渣、酸甜適中。
(2)內(nei)在(zai)品質(zhi)指標 巍山紅雪梨口感嫩脆,汁多、無渣、核(he)小,酸(suan)甜適度,營養豐富, 耐儲藏。可溶性固形物≥8.0%;硬度≥2.8 kg f/平方厘米;總糖≥4.8%;可滴(di)定酸(suan)≤3.0g/kg;總氨(an)基酸(suan)≥1.8%;維(wei)生素C≥2.0㎎/100g。
(3)安全要求(qiu) 巍山紅(hong)雪梨產(chan)(chan)地環(huan)境按照《NY5013-2006 無公害食品(pin)林果類產(chan)(chan)品(pin)產(chan)(chan)地環(huan)境條件》執行;產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量符(fu)合《GB/T 10650-2008鮮梨》產(chan)(chan)品(pin)標準。
五.特(te)定生產方式
(1)產地選擇 一般選擇海(hai)拔(ba)1700~2400m,土壤(rang)主要(yao)類型以(yi)紫色土和紅(hong)壤(rang)土為主,PH值5.6~7.2,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)溫15.8℃,無霜期246天(tian);年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均日照時數不低(di)于2342.8小時,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均降(jiang)雨量800~1000mm的(de)山(shan)區(qu)半(ban)山(shan)區(qu)及緩坡地,土壤(rang)有機質含量高,疏松(song)、透氣(qi)、排水良好,背風向陽,周圍無柏樹和泡桐種植的(de)地區(qu)種植。
(2)品種(zhong)選(xuan)擇(ze) 巍(wei)山紅雪(xue)梨選(xuan)擇(ze)品種(zhong)是種(zhong)植歷史悠(you)久,屬于(yu)優(you)質晚(wan)熟耐儲藏且抗逆性、抗病性強的優(you)良地方品種(zhong)。
(3)種植規程
①砧(zhen)木培育(yu) 苗地(di)選擇:選擇地(di)勢平坦,土(tu)壤肥(fei)沃,土(tu)層深厚(hou),灌水、排水方便的(de)沙壤土(tu)或(huo)壤土(tu),周邊環境無污(wu)染(ran)的(de)地(di)方。 苗木培育(yu):選擇本地(di)川梨(li)作(zuo)為砧(zhen)木,選用種(zhong)性(xing)純正(zheng),豐(feng)產性(xing)好,抗逆性(xing)、抗病性(xing)強,且五年以上(shang)結果株為采穗母樹的(de)巍山紅(hong)雪梨(li)接(jie)穗。
②嫁(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie) 嫁(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)以枝接(jie)(jie)(jie)為主(zhu),一(yi)般在早春樹液開(kai)始流動時(shi)進(jin)行(xing),以立(li)春前(qian)后20天為宜,嫁(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)時(shi)把握好“快、平、凈、齊、緊”五個要(yao)領,即:嫁(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)操作時(shi)間(jian)短,速度(du)快;使砧木和(he)接(jie)(jie)(jie)穗(sui)的切(qie)面光滑(hua)平整;保證接(jie)(jie)(jie)穗(sui)和(he)砧木的切(qie)面清潔無污(wu)染;保證砧木和(he)接(jie)(jie)(jie)穗(sui)的形成層對齊;保證包扎不漏氣,可提高(gao)嫁(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)成活力。
③出圃 當苗高長至(zhi)1m以上,直徑(jing)0.8cm以上時可出圃移栽,要求梨(li)苗根系生長完好,無病蟲害、無損傷,無失水現象。
④建園(yuan) 整地:坡地應修筑梯地或魚鱗臺。按(an)株(zhu)行距(ju)挖(wa)(wa)穴(溝(gou)(gou))寬80cm,深(shen)60cm的(de)定(ding)植(zhi)穴(溝(gou)(gou))。開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)要把表土(tu)和(he)心土(tu)分開(kai)堆放,定(ding)植(zhi)穴(溝(gou)(gou))上(shang)下(xia)寬度要保持一致。穴(溝(gou)(gou))挖(wa)(wa)好(hao)后,先填(tian)(tian)入(ru)30~40cm左(zuo)右的(de)作物(wu)秸(jie)稈或綠肥,并將(jiang)表土(tu)加入(ru)踏(ta)緊,再用(yong)足量腐熟有機肥和(he)少量化(hua)肥與土(tu)混合填(tian)(tian)入(ru)。 栽(zai)植(zhi)方(fang)式與密(mi)度:定(ding)植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi),將(jiang)梨(li)苗(miao)主根(gen)剪除2~3cm,除去嫁接(jie)口(kou)薄(bo)膜(mo),嫁接(jie)口(kou)需露出地面5~10cm,踏(ta)實(shi)根(gen)部土(tu)壤(rang),培半徑50cm 左(zuo)右樹(shu)(shu)盤(pan),并高于(yu)地面30㎝,澆足定(ding)根(gen)水(shui),然后用(yong)薄(bo)膜(mo)覆蓋。根(gen)據不同(tong)地形、地塊確定(ding)種植(zhi)密(mi)度,常規株(zhu)行距(ju)4m×5m,密(mi)植(zhi)株(zhu)行距(ju)4m×3m。 栽(zai)植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間:落(luo)葉后至(zhi)發芽前(qian),時(shi)(shi)(shi)間為(wei)每年(nian)11月至(zhi)第(di)二年(nian)2月。 配置授(shou)粉(fen)樹(shu)(shu):巍山紅(hong)雪(xue)梨(li)為(wei)異(yi)花(hua)授(shou)粉(fen)樹(shu)(shu)種,所(suo)以必須配置花(hua)一致的(de)授(shou)粉(fen)梨(li)樹(shu)(shu),授(shou)粉(fen)梨(li)樹(shu)(shu)品種可用(yong)黃梨(li)、巍山本地蠻梨(li)、火把梨(li)作為(wei)授(shou)粉(fen)樹(shu)(shu)。紅(hong)雪(xue)梨(li)與授(shou)粉(fen)樹(shu)(shu)配置比例為(wei)8∶1;授(shou)粉(fen)樹(shu)(shu)應配置在上(shang)風(feng)方(fang)口(kou)。
⑤土(tu)(tu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)管理(li) 土(tu)(tu)壤管理(li):幼年(nian)(nian)果(guo)園(yuan)每年(nian)(nian)深(shen)(shen)翻擴(kuo)穴1-2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),成年(nian)(nian)果(guo)園(yuan)每年(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)園(yuan)深(shen)(shen)翻或隔行(xing)(株)深(shen)(shen)翻1-2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),深(shen)(shen)度一(yi)般以30~40cm為(wei)(wei)宜。深(shen)(shen)翻時間在冬季落葉前(qian)進行(xing)。 肥(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)管理(li):基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)結合(he)土(tu)(tu)壤深(shen)(shen)翻,以有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),可混加少量氮(dan)、磷、鉀素(su)化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)。追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei),第(di)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在萌(meng)芽前(qian)后,以氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),每株(成年(nian)(nian)樹(shu)(shu))2.0~2.5kg;第(di)二次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在花(hua)芽分化及果(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)膨大期(qi)(qi),以速(su)效(xiao)氮(dan)鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),適當(dang)配合(he)磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)量略高于(yu)第(di)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci);第(di)三次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在果(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)長(chang)后期(qi)(qi),以鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。其(qi)余(yu)時間根(gen)(gen)據具體情(qing)況進行(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)量以當(dang)地的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)壤條件和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)特點確定。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)方法采用(yong)溝(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),挖放射(she)狀溝(gou)或在樹(shu)(shu)冠外圍(wei)挖環(huan)狀溝(gou),溝(gou)深(shen)(shen)15cm~20cm。根(gen)(gen)外追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)可結合(he)噴藥(yao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong),全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)4~5次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),一(yi)般生(sheng)長(chang)前(qian)期(qi)(qi) 2 次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),以氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu);后期(qi)(qi)2~3次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),以磷、鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)應(ying)(ying)結合(he)灌水(shui),應(ying)(ying)根(gen)(gen)據土(tu)(tu)壤墑情(qing)及降(jiang)雨(yu)情(qing)況確定是否灌水(shui),一(yi)般全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)共(gong)3~4次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。我縣紅雪梨種植區,冬春應(ying)(ying)注意(yi)灌水(shui)尤其(qi)是春季梨樹(shu)(shu)開(kai)花(hua)前(qian)和(he)開(kai)花(hua)后,夏季果(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)要(yao)注意(yi)水(shui)分供給的(de)(de)均衡(heng)性,以防出現裂果(guo)的(de)(de)現象。
⑥整形(xing)(xing)修剪(jian) 根(gen)據(ju)栽培技術、立(li)地條件不(bu)同而異,一(yi)般有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)(gan)疏散(san)分(fen)層(ceng)形(xing)(xing)、自(zi)然(ran)開心(xin)形(xing)(xing)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)(gan)疏散(san)分(fen)層(ceng)形(xing)(xing):定(ding)干(gan)(gan)高(gao)度(du)通(tong)常為(wei)80cm,下端(duan)50cm做(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)(gan),上(shang)端(duan)30cm做(zuo)整形(xing)(xing)帶;第(di)一(yi)層(ceng)分(fen)布(bu)3個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)之間(jian)的(de)角度(du)以120°為(wei)好,每個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)配備(bei)3個(ge)(ge)側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi),第(di)二層(ceng)分(fen)布(bu)2個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi),每個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)配備(bei)2個(ge)(ge)側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi),第(di)三層(ceng)分(fen)布(bu)1個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi),配以1~2個(ge)(ge)側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi);第(di)一(yi)層(ceng)和第(di)二層(ceng)之間(jian)間(jian)距80~100cm,第(di)二層(ceng)和第(di)三層(ceng)之間(jian)間(jian)距100~120cm,全樹(shu)高(gao)度(du)控(kong)制在(zai)3~3.5m。自(zi)然(ran)開心(xin)形(xing)(xing):干(gan)(gan)高(gao)40cm~50cm,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)3~4個(ge)(ge),斜直向(xiang)上(shang)生長,無中心(xin)干(gan)(gan),在(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)再(zai)向(xiang)外分(fen)生副(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi),共3~4層(ceng)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)腰角70度(du),大量結果(guo)時達80度(du),樹(shu)高(gao)控(kong)制在(zai)2~3m。
⑦疏果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo) 疏果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)通常在落果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)高(gao)峰(feng)過后(hou)進行(xing)。一般(ban)幼果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)間(jian)距30cm~35cm。留果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時掌握選留第(di)三個果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)或第(di)四個果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。對于開花量較(jiao)少的年份(fen),則應進行(xing)保花保果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),采取加(jia)強土肥(fei)水管理、果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園放蜂、在盛花期全(quan)樹噴0.3%硼砂(sha)和(he)0.3%尿素及0.5%白砂(sha)糖混合液等(deng)措施,提高(gao)座(zuo)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率。
⑧病(bing)蟲(chong)害防治(zhi) 以(yi)預(yu)防為主,綜合防治(zhi)為原則,根據病(bing)蟲(chong)害的發生規律(lv)及時防治(zhi)。主要(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)害有:黑星病(bing)、褐斑病(bing)、梨(li)食心蟲(chong)、蚜蟲(chong)、紅蜘蛛(zhu)、蝽象。防治(zhi)措施以(yi)物理(li)防治(zhi)、生物防治(zhi)為主,化(hua)學(xue)防治(zhi)嚴禁使用(yong)國家(jia)禁止使用(yong)及高毒(du)高殘留農(nong)藥。
(4)采(cai)收(shou)(shou) 采(cai)收(shou)(shou)期(qi)一般在10—12月,采(cai)收(shou)(shou)方法(fa)人工采(cai)收(shou)(shou),根(gen)據果(guo)實成熟(shu)度和市場需求適時采(cai)收(shou)(shou)。要求采(cai)摘時輕拿(na)輕放(fang),免(mian)碰傷(shang)、刺傷(shang)。果(guo)實下樹(shu)后要用專(zhuan)用竹籃或果(guo)框(kuang)盛放(fang)。
(5)生(sheng)產安全記錄 種植(zhi)、施肥、病蟲害防治、包裝等全過程都要有記錄,建立生(sheng)產檔案(an)(an),以便查(cha)閱。立生(sheng)產檔案(an)(an)保存不低(di)于(yu)2年。