一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)自動(dong)跟(gen)蹤裝置是(shi)用(yong)(yong)來跟(gen)蹤太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，使(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)器(qi)的(de)主(zhu)光(guang)軸始(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)與太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)線相平(ping)行(xing)的(de)裝置。較(jiao)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)平(ping)板式(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)和真空管式(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)均(jun)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)固定(ding)安(an)裝方式(shi)。這兩種集(ji)(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)的(de)共同缺點是(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)的(de)能(neng)量密度(du)(du)(du)低(di)，因而集(ji)(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)較(jiao)低(di)，一(yi)般只能(neng)提供40~70℃的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)水，不容易得到(dao)(dao)高(gao)溫(wen)。要(yao)提高(gao)能(neng)量密度(du)(du)(du)則必須使(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)器(qi)平(ping)面始(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)和太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)入射光(guang)垂(chui)直，同時還(huan)應(ying)對太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)實行(xing)聚焦。為了達到(dao)(dao)此目的(de)，在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)需要(yao)在方位(wei)角和高(gao)度(du)(du)(du)角兩個方位(wei)上不斷跟(gen)蹤太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，使(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)器(qi)從日(ri)(ri)出(chu)到(dao)(dao)日(ri)(ri)落始(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)對準太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，以提高(gao)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)的(de)利用(yong)(yong)率。

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二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太陽(yang)的方(fang)法有很多，但不(bu)外乎采(cai)用這(zhe)兩種方(fang)式：光電跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)和根(gen)據視日運動軌跡跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)。后(hou)一種跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)式又可(ke)以分(fen)為雙(shuang)軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)和單軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)。

1、光電跟蹤

國內常用的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)有：重力式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。這些光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)都(dou)使用光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏傳感(gan)器，如硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)靠近遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板，調整遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板的(de)位置(zhi)使遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板對(dui)(dui)準太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池處于陰(yin)(yin)影(ying)區(qu)。當(dang)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)西移(yi)時(shi)，遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板的(de)陰(yin)(yin)影(ying)隨之移(yi)動(dong)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)受(shou)到(dao)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)直射，輸出(chu)一(yi)定值的(de)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，發出(chu)偏(pian)差(cha)信號(hao)，經放大電(dian)(dian)(dian)路放大，控制跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)對(dui)(dui)準太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，完成跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong).光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)優(you)點是靈敏度高，結構設計較為方便(bian)。其(qi)缺點是受(shou)到(dao)天氣的(de)影(ying)響很(hen)大。如果(guo)在稍長時(shi)間段里(li)出(chu)現烏云遮(zhe)住(zhu)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)的(de)情況，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線往(wang)往(wang)不能照(zhao)到(dao)硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)上，導致(zhi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)無法(fa)(fa)對(dui)(dui)準太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，甚(shen)至會引起執行機構的(de)誤(wu)動(dong)作。下(xia)面簡要介紹一(yi)下(xia)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)經常用到(dao)的(de)兩種方法(fa)(fa)。

（1）太陽能電(dian)池板光強(qiang)比較(jiao)法

把(ba)兩(liang)塊完(wan)全(quan)相同(tong)的(de)太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)按照一定(ding)的(de)角度(du)(du)(du)連接成(cheng)“人(ren)”字型，它們(men)既用作(zuo)(zuo)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)化(hua)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，也(ye)(ye)起光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏器(qi)件的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用。太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)垂(chui)直照射地(di)面時(shi)，兩(liang)塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)上得(de)到的(de)太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)能流(liu)密度(du)(du)(du)完(wan)全(quan)相等(deng)，產生的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大小相等(deng)，此時(shi)控制它們(men)方(fang)位的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機不(bu)工作(zuo)(zuo)。入(ru)射太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)與地(di)面的(de)夾角改變時(shi)，如果甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)得(de)到太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)能流(liu)密度(du)(du)(du)大于乙(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)得(de)到的(de)能流(liu)密度(du)(du)(du)，則(ze)甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)產生的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強度(du)(du)(du)就大于乙(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強度(du)(du)(du)，利用這一信(xin)號驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)，使得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)與太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)夾角同(tong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)垂(chui)直于地(di)面時(shi)完(wan)全(quan)相同(tong)。其優點(dian)為(wei)調(diao)節(jie)較為(wei)精確，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路也(ye)(ye)比(bi)較簡(jian)單，但(dan)兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)之(zhi)間的(de)夾角始終(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)，永遠無法(fa)達到真(zhen)正意義上的(de)垂(chui)直。

（2）光敏電阻光強比較法(fa)

利用光(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻在光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)時阻值(zhi)發生變化的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)理(li)，將(jiang)兩(liang)個完全相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻分別放(fang)置于(yu)一塊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)東西方(fang)向(xiang)邊沿處的(de)(de)(de)下方(fang)（光(guang)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)垂直時一半可(ke)接(jie)(jie)收光(guang)，一半在下邊）。如果太陽(yang)光(guang)垂直照(zhao)(zhao)射太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)時，兩(liang)個光(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻接(jie)(jie)收到的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)強(qiang)度相(xiang)同，所以它們的(de)(de)(de)阻值(zhi)完全相(xiang)等，此時電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)不轉動(dong)。當太陽(yang)光(guang)方(fang)向(xiang)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)垂直方(fang)向(xiang)有夾角(jiao)時，接(jie)(jie)收光(guang)強(qiang)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻阻值(zhi)減小，驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)轉動(dong)，直至兩(liang)個光(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻上的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)強(qiang)度相(xiang)同。其優點在于(yu)控(kong)制較精(jing)確，且電(dian)(dian)路也比較容易實(shi)現。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單(dan)軸跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)一般采(cai)用以(yi)下三種(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)(fang)式：傾斜布置(zhi)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)；焦線(xian)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北水(shui)平(ping)(ping)布置(zhi)，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)；焦線(xian)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)布置(zhi)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)北跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)。這(zhe)三種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式基本上(shang)都是單(dan)軸轉(zhuan)動的(de)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)或東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)，工作原理基本相(xiang)似跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)系(xi)統的(de)轉(zhuan)軸（或焦線(xian)）系(xi)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)布置(zhi)。然后根(gen)據太(tai)(tai)陽赤(chi)緯(wei)角的(de)變(bian)化使柱(zhu)形拋(pao)物面反射鏡繞轉(zhuan)軸作俯仰轉(zhuan)動，以(yi)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽。采(cai)用這(zhe)種(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)(fang)式時(shi)，一天(tian)之中只有正午時(shi)刻太(tai)(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)與柱(zhu)形拋(pao)物面的(de)母(mu)線(xian)相(xiang)垂(chui)直，此時(shi)熱(re)流最(zui)大(da)。而(er)在(zai)早(zao)上(shang)或下午太(tai)(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)線(xian)都是斜射，所(suo)以(yi)一天(tian)之中熱(re)流的(de)變(bian)化比較大(da)。采(cai)用單(dan)軸跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)(fang)式的(de)特點(dian)是結構簡(jian)單(dan)，但是由(you)于入射光(guang)(guang)線(xian)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)始終與主光(guang)(guang)軸平(ping)(ping)行，從收集太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)來說并不(bu)理想。如果能(neng)(neng)夠在(zai)太(tai)(tai)陽高(gao)度(du)和赤(chi)緯(wei)角的(de)變(bian)化上(shang)都能(neng)(neng)夠跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽就可以(yi)獲得最(zui)多的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)，全跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)即雙軸就是根(gen)據這(zhe)樣的(de)要求而(er)設計(ji)的(de)。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)蹤又可以分為兩(liang)種(zhong)方式(shi)(shi)：極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)(shi)全(quan)跟(gen)蹤和(he)高(gao)度角(jiao)(jiao)—方位角(jiao)(jiao)式(shi)(shi)全(quan)跟(gen)蹤。極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)(shi)全(quan)跟(gen)蹤原理(li)：聚光(guang)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)指向天球(qiu)(qiu)北(bei)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，即與(yu)地球(qiu)(qiu)自(zi)轉軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)相(xiang)平行，故稱(cheng)為極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。另(ling)一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)垂直(zhi)，稱(cheng)為赤緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。工(gong)作時(shi)反射(she)(she)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)面只(zhi)(zhi)須(xu)繞極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)用(yong)與(yu)地球(qiu)(qiu)自(zi)轉角(jiao)(jiao)速度大(da)小相(xiang)同(tong)方向相(xiang)反的(de)固(gu)定(ding)轉速，以跟(gen)蹤太陽的(de)視(shi)日運(yun)動。此外再按照季(ji)節(jie)的(de)變化(hua)間斷地將反射(she)(she)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)圍繞赤緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)作俯仰轉動以適應赤緯角(jiao)(jiao)的(de)變化(hua)。這種(zhong)跟(gen)蹤方式(shi)(shi)并不復雜，只(zhi)(zhi)是反射(she)(she)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)重量并不通(tong)過極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線，使極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)支承裝(zhuang)置的(de)設計比較困難。