一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)自(zi)動跟蹤(zong)裝置(zhi)是用(yong)來跟蹤(zong)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，使集(ji)(ji)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)的主光軸始終與太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光線相(xiang)平(ping)行的裝置(zhi)。較(jiao)常用(yong)的太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)平(ping)板式集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)和真空管式集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)均采用(yong)固定安裝方式。這兩種集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)的共同缺點(dian)是太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的能(neng)量密(mi)(mi)度低，因而集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)溫度較(jiao)低，一般只能(neng)提供40~70℃的熱(re)(re)(re)水，不(bu)容易得(de)到(dao)高(gao)溫。要(yao)(yao)提高(gao)能(neng)量密(mi)(mi)度則必須使集(ji)(ji)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)平(ping)面始終和太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)入射光垂直，同時還應對太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光實(shi)行聚焦。為(wei)了達(da)到(dao)此(ci)目的，在使用(yong)中需要(yao)(yao)在方位(wei)角(jiao)和高(gao)度角(jiao)兩個方位(wei)上不(bu)斷(duan)跟蹤(zong)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，使集(ji)(ji)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)從日出到(dao)日落始終對準太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以提高(gao)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)的利用(yong)率。

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二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟蹤(zong)太陽的方法(fa)有很(hen)多(duo)，但(dan)不外(wai)乎采用(yong)這兩種方式(shi)：光電跟蹤(zong)和根據視日運動(dong)軌(gui)跡(ji)跟蹤(zong)。后一種跟蹤(zong)方式(shi)又可(ke)以分為雙軸跟蹤(zong)和單(dan)軸跟蹤(zong)。

1、光電跟蹤

國內(nei)常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)有(you)：重力式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)。這些(xie)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)都使用光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏傳(chuan)感器，如硅(gui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)靠近(jin)遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)，調整遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)(zhi)使遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)對準(zhun)(zhun)太陽(yang)(yang)，硅(gui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池處于陰影區。當太陽(yang)(yang)西移時(shi)，遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)陰影隨之移動，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)受到陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)直(zhi)射，輸出(chu)一(yi)(yi)定值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，發出(chu)偏差信號，經(jing)放大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路放大，控制跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)對準(zhun)(zhun)太陽(yang)(yang)，完成跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong).光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)優點是靈敏度高，結構(gou)(gou)設計較為方便。其缺點是受到天氣的(de)(de)(de)影響很大。如果在(zai)稍長時(shi)間段里出(chu)現烏云遮住太陽(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)情況，太陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線往(wang)往(wang)不能(neng)照到硅(gui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)上(shang)，導致跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)無法對準(zhun)(zhun)太陽(yang)(yang)，甚至(zhi)會引起執行機構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)誤動作。下面(mian)簡要介(jie)紹一(yi)(yi)下太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)經(jing)常(chang)用到的(de)(de)(de)兩種方法。

（1）太(tai)陽能(neng)電池板光強比(bi)較法

把兩(liang)塊完全相(xiang)(xiang)同的太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)按照一定的角度連接成“人”字型，它(ta)們(men)既用作光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)化的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，也起光(guang)(guang)敏器件的作用。太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)垂直照射地(di)面時(shi)，兩(liang)塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)得(de)到的太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)的能流密度完全相(xiang)(xiang)等，產生(sheng)的光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)小相(xiang)(xiang)等，此時(shi)控制它(ta)們(men)方(fang)位的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機不工作。入射太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)與(yu)地(di)面的夾(jia)角改變時(shi)，如果(guo)甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)得(de)到太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)的能流密度大(da)于乙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)得(de)到的能流密度，則甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)產生(sheng)的光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流強(qiang)(qiang)度就大(da)于乙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)的光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流強(qiang)(qiang)度，利(li)用這一信號驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機轉(zhuan)動，使得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)與(yu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)的夾(jia)角同光(guang)(guang)垂直于地(di)面時(shi)完全相(xiang)(xiang)同。其優點(dian)為調(diao)節較為精確，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路也比較簡單，但兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)之間的夾(jia)角始終存在，永遠無(wu)法達到真正意義上(shang)的垂直。

（2）光(guang)敏電阻光(guang)強(qiang)比較法

利用光(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻在光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)時阻值(zhi)發生變化的(de)原理，將兩(liang)個完全相同(tong)的(de)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻分別放置于(yu)一塊電(dian)池(chi)板(ban)東(dong)西(xi)方(fang)向邊(bian)沿處的(de)下(xia)(xia)方(fang)（光(guang)(guang)與(yu)電(dian)池(chi)板(ban)垂直(zhi)時一半可接收光(guang)(guang)，一半在下(xia)(xia)邊(bian)）。如果太(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)垂直(zhi)照(zhao)射太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)池(chi)板(ban)時，兩(liang)個光(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻接收到的(de)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強度(du)相同(tong)，所以它們的(de)阻值(zhi)完全相等，此時電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)不轉動(dong)(dong)。當太(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)方(fang)向與(yu)電(dian)池(chi)板(ban)垂直(zhi)方(fang)向有夾角時，接收光(guang)(guang)強多的(de)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻阻值(zhi)減(jian)小，驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉動(dong)(dong)，直(zhi)至兩(liang)個光(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻上的(de)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強度(du)相同(tong)。其優點在于(yu)控(kong)制較(jiao)(jiao)精確，且(qie)電(dian)路也比較(jiao)(jiao)容易實現。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單(dan)軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)一般采用(yong)(yong)以(yi)下(xia)三種跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式：傾斜布(bu)置東(dong)西(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)；焦(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)南(nan)北水平布(bu)置，東(dong)西(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)；焦(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)東(dong)西(xi)水平布(bu)置，南(nan)北跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)。這三種方(fang)(fang)(fang)式基本上(shang)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)單(dan)軸轉動的(de)南(nan)北方(fang)(fang)(fang)向或(huo)(huo)東(dong)西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)，工作原理基本相似跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)系(xi)統的(de)轉軸（或(huo)(huo)焦(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)）系(xi)東(dong)西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向布(bu)置。然后根(gen)據(ju)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)赤緯角(jiao)的(de)變化使柱形拋(pao)物(wu)面反射(she)鏡繞轉軸作俯仰(yang)轉動，以(yi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)。采用(yong)(yong)這種跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式時，一天之(zhi)中只有(you)正午時刻太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)與柱形拋(pao)物(wu)面的(de)母線(xian)相垂(chui)直(zhi)，此時熱流最(zui)大。而在早上(shang)或(huo)(huo)下(xia)午太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)線(xian)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)斜射(she)，所以(yi)一天之(zhi)中熱流的(de)變化比較大。采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式的(de)特點是(shi)結構簡單(dan)，但是(shi)由于入射(she)光(guang)線(xian)不能始終與主光(guang)軸平行，從收集太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能來說并不理想。如(ru)果能夠在太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)高度和赤緯角(jiao)的(de)變化上(shang)都(dou)(dou)能夠跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)就(jiu)可以(yi)獲得最(zui)多的(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能，全跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)即雙軸就(jiu)是(shi)根(gen)據(ju)這樣(yang)的(de)要求而設計的(de)。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙(shuang)軸(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)又可(ke)以分為兩種方式(shi)：極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)式(shi)全(quan)(quan)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)和高度角(jiao)—方位角(jiao)式(shi)全(quan)(quan)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)。極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)式(shi)全(quan)(quan)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)原理：聚光鏡(jing)的(de)(de)(de)一軸(zhou)指向天球(qiu)北極(ji)(ji)，即與地(di)球(qiu)自(zi)轉軸(zhou)相(xiang)(xiang)平行，故(gu)稱為極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)。另一軸(zhou)與極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)垂直，稱為赤緯軸(zhou)。工作時反(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)面只(zhi)須繞(rao)極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)用(yong)與地(di)球(qiu)自(zi)轉角(jiao)速度大小(xiao)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)方向相(xiang)(xiang)反(fan)的(de)(de)(de)固定轉速，以跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太陽的(de)(de)(de)視日運動(dong)。此(ci)外(wai)再按(an)照(zhao)季節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)間(jian)斷地(di)將反(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)圍(wei)繞(rao)赤緯軸(zhou)作俯仰轉動(dong)以適應赤緯角(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)。這種跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方式(shi)并(bing)不復雜，只(zhi)是反(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)的(de)(de)(de)重量并(bing)不通過極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)軸(zhou)線，使極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)支承裝置的(de)(de)(de)設計比(bi)較困難。