芒果视频

民俗介紹

馬仙信俗是2014年經(jing)國務院批(pi)(pi)準列入(ru)第四(si)批(pi)(pi)非物質文化(hua)遺產名(ming)錄的一種民(min)俗。

馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)俗(su)是閩(min)浙(zhe)民眾世代(dai)(dai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)、崇(chong)信(xin)馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統民間(jian)(jian)習(xi)俗(su)。馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，又稱(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)孝仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)，是閩(min)東(dong)(dong)北、浙(zhe)東(dong)(dong)南地(di)區(qu)崇(chong)信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)神(shen)。因嫁不久夫(fu)亡，數十年間(jian)(jian)，婆媳相依為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)命，忍辱(ru)負重，殷勤奉(feng)姑(gu)至(zhi)終(zhong)老(lao)。其(qi)孝感動(dong)(dong)天，傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)佳(jia)話，歿(mo)后被(bei)(bei)祀為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)。唐肅宗(zong)時敕封為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“馬(ma)(ma)氏護國夫(fu)人(ren)”，與(yu)媽祖(zu)、陳靖(jing)姑(gu)并稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)閩(min)浙(zhe)三(san)大女(nv)神(shen)。馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)孝行，也被(bei)(bei)上層社(she)會奉(feng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孝德典范，歷史人(ren)物(wu)李陽冰、劉(liu)伯溫、馮夢龍等(deng)均(jun)撰(zhuan)文贊頌之。馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)仰于(yu)宋元(yuan)間(jian)(jian)即(ji)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)入柘榮(rong)(rong)，不僅被(bei)(bei)奉(feng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孝德楷模，而且也成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)民眾祛(qu)病化厄、禳災御患的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)寄托。每年舉行的(de)(de)(de)(de)“迎仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”廟祭儀(yi)式，各家(jia)之母親或婆婆則(ze)率女(nv)、媳到廟祭祀，講述馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)孝道故事(shi)，傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遞孝德精神(shen)，從而形成了一套完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)俗(su)。明清時，馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)俗(su)在福寧府（今閩(min)東(dong)(dong)）廣為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)，根深蒂(di)固。柘榮(rong)(rong)是馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)仰中(zhong)心地(di)帶，柘榮(rong)(rong)馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)俗(su)活動(dong)(dong)典型。其(qi)影響波(bo)及(ji)閩(min)、浙(zhe)、贛、粵和臺(tai)灣及(ji)東(dong)(dong)南亞等(deng)地(di)，信(xin)眾達(da)2000多(duo)萬(wan)人(ren)。被(bei)(bei)譽為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)山(shan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)柘榮(rong)(rong)東(dong)(dong)獅(shi)山(shan)是閩(min)浙(zhe)邊界(jie)信(xin)眾朝拜馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圣(sheng)山(shan)，傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說山(shan)上靈巖洞是馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)修煉處(chu)，中(zhong)心場所在城(cheng)關仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嶼馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)廟。馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)俗(su)千年傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)留下(xia)了諸多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文物(wu)名勝(sheng)，有(you)(you)始于(yu)宋代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)靈巖洞、始建于(yu)元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)廟、明代(dai)(dai)東(dong)(dong)獅(shi)山(shan)摩崖石刻等(deng)縣級文保單位，還有(you)(you)明、清時期牌匾等(deng)，有(you)(you)百丈巖、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)足(zu)跡(ji)、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)溪、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)掌泉、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嶼等(deng)名勝(sheng)。

表現形式

馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)信俗的主要表(biao)現(xian)形(xing)式是每年農歷(li)七(qi)(qi)月(yue)初七(qi)(qi)起(qi)舉(ju)行游(you)盛會。其活動(dong)由以下幾(ji)個環節構成：接仙(xian)(xian)(xian)，從(cong)靈巖(yan)洞(dong)起(qi)始(shi)；獻(xian)祭、醮(jiao)儀，中心場所在城關仙(xian)(xian)(xian)嶼馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)廟；游(you)境(jing)，在十三境(jing)依序(xu)巡游(you)；送仙(xian)(xian)(xian)，將馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)神輿隆重地(di)送回靈巖(yan)洞(dong)。同時，舉(ju)行民間藝(yi)術展演活動(dong)，主要有：臺閣、戲曲、木偶、燈藝(yi)、雜技、舞蹈、燈謎等(deng)。接仙(xian)(xian)(xian)期間，母(mu)親帶(dai)兒女、婆(po)婆(po)帶(dai)媳婦祭拜馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)。馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)以孝德楷模受頂禮膜拜，逐漸演變成為民眾祛病化厄(e)、禳災御患、保佑(you)平安的地(di)方保護神。

馬(ma)(ma)仙信(xin)俗活(huo)動是(shi)祈求國泰民(min)安、人壽年豐的(de)(de)(de)愿景，十三境(jing)(jing)社境(jing)(jing)和(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)聯誼、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)孝(xiao)德(de)(de)與現(xian)代(dai)文(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)融合，以及(ji)民(min)間傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)展演。馬(ma)(ma)仙信(xin)俗中(zhong)提(ti)(ti)(ti)倡侍母(mu)孝(xiao)姑、和(he)(he)(he)睦(mu)(mu)鄰里、行(xing)善濟世，具(ju)有(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)教(jiao)育價(jia)值；其通過(guo)十三境(jing)(jing)聯誼、對(dui)建構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)(xie)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)，具(ju)有(you)重要(yao)現(xian)實(shi)啟示(shi)價(jia)值。馬(ma)(ma)仙廟祭期間，各家庭(ting)(ting)母(mu)親帶兒女、婆(po)(po)婆(po)(po)帶媳婦祭拜馬(ma)(ma)仙,傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)揚馬(ma)(ma)仙孝(xiao)順公婆(po)(po)的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)徳，使傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)孝(xiao)德(de)(de)教(jiao)化代(dai)代(dai)相傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),促進家庭(ting)(ting)和(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)(xie)，有(you)利于幸福家庭(ting)(ting)和(he)(he)(he)文(wen)明社會(hui)(hui)(hui)建設(she)。“迎仙”儀式(shi)中(zhong)，信(xin)眾以孝(xiao)德(de)(de)、和(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)(xie)、健康、平安理念(nian)貫(guan)穿活(huo)動全程，特(te)別是(shi)倡導和(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)婆(po)(po)媳和(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)(xie)、鄰里和(he)(he)(he)睦(mu)(mu)、勤(qin)儉持家等(deng)孝(xiao)德(de)(de)文(wen)化，具(ju)有(you)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)深層教(jiao)化特(te)征，值得(de)在當代(dai)效仿和(he)(he)(he)推(tui)行(xing)。在當代(dai)對(dui)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)孝(xiao)德(de)(de)教(jiao)育缺失之(zhi)影響下(xia)，馬(ma)(ma)仙信(xin)俗所倡導的(de)(de)(de)孝(xiao)德(de)(de)、和(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)(xie)、健康、平安等(deng)理念(nian)，不僅(jin)符合中(zhong)華民(min)族的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)美(mei)德(de)(de)，也契合當今社會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)教(jiao)育，對(dui)弘揚傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)文(wen)化，建構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)(xie)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)有(you)重要(yao)現(xian)實(shi)意義和(he)(he)(he)主流價(jia)值。馬(ma)(ma)俗信(xin)仰活(huo)動為柘榮(rong)民(min)間文(wen)化藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)一(yi)個(ge)載體的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，許多民(min)間藝(yi)術(shu)如(ru)提(ti)(ti)(ti)線木偶戲、布(bu)袋戲、地坪戲、抬閣(ge)裝(zhuang)飾、燈飾剪紙(zhi)等(deng)技藝(yi)，在儀式(shi)活(huo)動中(zhong)得(de)以傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)鞏固，并為為藝(yi)人的(de)(de)(de)技藝(yi)創作(zuo)及(ji)發展創造機會(hui)(hui)(hui)；馬(ma)(ma)俗信(xin)仰活(huo)動，為政府了(le)(le)解(jie)和(he)(he)(he)保(bao)護非物質遺產的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)完整的(de)(de)(de)資料，為當代(dai)現(xian)代(dai)文(wen)化建設(she)仍具(ju)有(you)重要(yao)啟示(shi)意義及(ji)參考價(jia)值。