【鎳氫充電(dian)電(dian)池】鎳氫充電電池壽命 如何延長鎳氫充電電池壽命

鎳氫電池是(shi)鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的后代產品，各方(fang)面性能都優(you)于鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池采用(yong)鎳(nie)(nie)氧(yang)化物作為(wei)正極，儲(chu)氫(qing)金(jin)屬作為(wei)負(fu)極，堿液（主要為(wei)氫(qing)氧(yang)化鉀）作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液。額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)1.2V，滿充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的最大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可達1.6V～1.8V。正常放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)1.0V，實際上可使用(yong)到0.9V。重復充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次數大(da)于500次，自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)20％/月。

鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的最(zui)大(da)(da)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可(ke)(ke)達(da)3C（放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率C是指一小時放完(wan)全部容量(liang)(liang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)。如500mAh電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的C為(wei)(wei)500mA）。能(neng)量(liang)(liang)重量(liang)(liang)比60～80Wh／kg，能(neng)量(liang)(liang)體積比遠高于鎳(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其單節5號(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的最(zui)大(da)(da)容量(liang)(liang)可(ke)(ke)達(da)2300mAh，為(wei)(wei)鎳(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的近(jin)四倍(bei)多。鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)成本低，無鎘污染，溫度使用(yong)(yong)范圍(wei)廣。具(ju)有良好的快充電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能(neng)，無記憶效應，可(ke)(ke)以隨充隨用(yong)(yong)。故在采用(yong)(yong)通用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的設備中，鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的市場愈來愈大(da)(da)。

但(dan)在(zai)實用(yong)中，人們(men)發現(xian)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)重復充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次數(shu)反而不(bu)及鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)多(duo)，故有鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命不(bu)長之說。其實在(zai)理論上(shang)，鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命比鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)略(lve)長，但(dan)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)不(bu)良影(ying)響比鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要(yao)大。

如果(guo)長期充電(dian)不當就會損傷(shang)電(dian)池。

目前市場上的(de)(de)幾十元錢的(de)(de)鎳(nie)(nie)鎘／鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)池充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)都過于簡單，很(hen)容易造成鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)池的(de)(de)過充電(dian)。而帶充電(dian)控制芯片的(de)(de)充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)售價(jia)高達幾百元，使(shi)用(yong)者不多。

因此，造成鎳氫(qing)電池不能(neng)全面發揮優良性能(neng)。

所以，了(le)解鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機理，正確(que)選購和使用充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器，對延長使用壽(shou)命至關(guan)重(zhong)要。

所(suo)謂(wei)正(zheng)確的充電(dian)，就(jiu)是要使充電(dian)電(dian)池的容(rong)量(liang)100％地(di)發(fa)揮出來(lai)，而且(qie)又不(bu)損傷電(dian)池。充電(dian)不(bu)正(zheng)確有二(er)個(ge)結(jie)果，容(rong)量(liang)不(bu)能100％地(di)發(fa)揮出來(lai)，或電(dian)池嚴重受損，在充電(dian)過(guo)程中異常發(fa)熱(re)、破裂，甚至起火。

下(xia)圖是鎳氫充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的特性關系。

圖中可見在大電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)壓上升(sheng)到100％后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓不升(sheng)反降。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)fC控制(zhi)芯片(pian)就(jiu)能利用電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓從上升(sheng)轉為下降的(de)特征來結束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，這種(zhong)結束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)判(pan)據稱(cheng)為-△V檢測。

利(li)用-△V檢測(ce)結束(shu)(shu)充電(dian)(dian)必(bi)須恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)，因為電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的變(bian)動也會(hui)引(yin)起電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓的變(bian)動。簡(jian)單的充電(dian)(dian)器一般為恒壓限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)后(hou)期電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)越來越小(xiao)，-△V的檢測(ce)就變(bian)得困難。所以，利(li)用這(zhe)一特性結束(shu)(shu)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)必(bi)須保持恒定，而(er)且(qie)必(bi)須用1C以上的大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)。

充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)充滿電(dian)后，再繼續充電(dian)，電(dian)能變(bian)成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)的熱(re)能，電(dian)池(chi)開始(shi)發熱(re)。

充(chong)電IC控制(zhi)芯片(pian)的另一個控制(zhi)就是利用溫(wen)度(du)的上升率的增長(chang)來結束充(chong)電，稱為△T／△t檢測。一般達(da)2℃／分鐘時(shi)，充(chong)電停(ting)止。

△T／△t檢(jian)測時，也(ye)要求充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流必須保持恒流。而且(qie)也(ye)是充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流較大（0.3C以上）時，檢(jian)測較為正確。當(dang)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流小或環境溫度低、散熱很好時，也(ye)會無(wu)法檢(jian)出(chu)，形(xing)成過充電(dian)(dian)。

這兩種正規的(de)檢測方法都要求(qiu)大電流(liu)(liu)恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電。用分立元件構成(cheng)，控制電路復雜。用IC芯(xin)片較(jiao)(jiao)方便，但溫度傳(chuan)感器(qi)還(huan)必須外接。關鍵是充(chong)電器(qi)的(de)電源(yuan)(yuan)部份要求(qiu)較(jiao)(jiao)高，恒定電流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)(jiao)大用簡單(dan)的(de)變壓器(qi)整流(liu)(liu)己不合適，必須用開關電源(yuan)(yuan)。故正規的(de)鎳氫電池(chi)充(chong)電器(qi)的(de)售價較(jiao)(jiao)高。

最為簡(jian)單的控(kong)制方式(shi)是用(yong)最大(da)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)控(kong)制。按充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量及充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率決(jue)定最大(da)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，超過這(zhe)(zhe)個時(shi)(shi)間(jian)就無條件停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。例如，用(yong)0.1C率充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，考慮(lv)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率，定時(shi)(shi)在12左右(you)小時(shi)(shi)結束充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。但這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，若開始時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)有殘留量，就會有事(shi)實上(shang)的過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

所以(yi)，定(ding)時充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)必須小于0.3C率(lv)(lv)，大多數采(cai)用(yong)0.1C率(lv)(lv)充電(dian)(dian)。由于充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)小，過充電(dian)(dian)在電(dian)(dian)池(chi)上產生(sheng)的熱量(liang)能(neng)較快地散(san)發出去，對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的影響(xiang)不大。

最大時間(jian)(jian)控制的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)安全性能較好，最適宜充足用(yong)空的場合采用(yong)。對需隨用(yong)隨充的電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)不太合適，常會(hui)存在不嚴重的過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。如果開始充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時能估(gu)(gu)測出電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的殘留量，就可用(yong)可變時間(jian)(jian)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)充足。還(huan)可在必要時進行人(ren)工干預，到達估(gu)(gu)計時間(jian)(jian)或手觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池外殼(ke)溫度明(ming)顯高于室溫時，停止充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

好了(le)，有了(le)這(zhe)些基礎知(zhi)識(shi)后就(jiu)能正確選(xuan)擇充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)和充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)了(le)。如果你喜(xi)歡用容量較大(da)的(de)鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)，如1600mAh以(yi)上的(de)品種(zhong)，那么最好還(huan)是買一只大(da)電(dian)流、帶(dai)IC控(kong)制器(qi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)。這(zhe)不但可(ke)以(yi)大(da)大(da)縮(suo)短充(chong)電(dian)時間，還(huan)能有效地保(bao)護較為昂貴的(de)大(da)容量充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)。

簡易型充電器使用方便(bian)、小巧易帶。但一般都是與鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)池通用的品種。為恒壓限流型(xing)充電(dian)，電(dian)路(lu)非(fei)常簡單。只在半(ban)波整流后，串一只電(dian)阻充電(dian)。

這種充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法一開始電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流較(jiao)大，后(hou)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流就被限制在(zai)0.1C的(de)(de)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流上(shang)，即(ji)50mA上(shang)。有的(de)(de)有快充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檔，也就100mA，相當500mAh鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)0.2C充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。好處(chu)是，用戶(hu)即(ji)使(shi)過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)影響(xiang)也不大。這種充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)充500mAh電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，差(cha)不多一個(ge)晚上(shang)。下班(ban)(ban)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，上(shang)班(ban)(ban)使(shi)用正合適。

若要(yao)充1600mAh的(de)電池就(jiu)要(yao)30～40小(xiao)時，實用(yong)上幾乎不可能(neng)被充足了。用(yong)戶也會象對待用(yong)手機(ji)電池充電那樣，有(you)(you)空就(jiu)充。使這(zhe)類鎳氫電池長期工作在(zai)不飽(bao)不餓的(de)狀態，對壽命和實際最大可用(yong)容量(liang)都有(you)(you)影響。

所(suo)以。選購鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)若(ruo)沒有好鞍，也不必用好馬(ma)。容量(liang)(liang)(liang)適(shi)中即可(ke)，核算一下以8～1 2小時能把電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充足為宜，且(qie)充電(dian)(dian)器小于O.3C。順便提一句，大容量(liang)(liang)(liang)鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)應該較(jiao)重。如(ru)果兩節鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)重量(liang)(liang)(liang)差不多，標稱容量(liang)(liang)(liang)大的(de)有可(ke)能是假貨。

鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)有講究。由于鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在1.0V為正常，但在1.O～0.9伏(fu)時也(ye)還能放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)時就(jiu)是過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命有損(sun)。而一般設備，如收音機、隨身聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)須刀等(deng)等(deng)都不(bu)具備1.0伏(fu)自動終止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，容易使鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在這(zhe)類設備上使用，用到(dao)差不(bu)多(duo)感覺沒(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，就(jiu)該(gai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)能用到(dao)完(wan)全走不(bu)動再充(chong)。在數碼相機、MP3等(deng)內部有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源管理系統的設備上沒(mei)此(ci)問(wen)題。

后期(qi)(qi)放電(dian)(dian)因內阻增高(gao)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫度(du)也會上升(sheng)。而鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的內阻雖(sui)比鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)低幾倍，但為鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內阻的2倍。故(gu)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)后期(qi)(qi)使用發熱會比鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)大。

鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池雖(sui)然一開始認為沒(mei)有記(ji)憶效應，但(dan)與后來出現(xian)的鋰離(li)子電(dian)池相比，仍(reng)有一定的容量下降現(xian)象(xiang)。鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池若長期(qi)不用，就會出現(xian)休眠現(xian)象(xiang)。

容(rong)量大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低。故(gu)對于新買來(lai)的或擱置了一段時間沒(mei)用(yong)的鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池，要(yao)先以涓流充足電(dian)量（寧過勿缺(que)），然后(hou)以0.2C率放電(dian)到(dao)1.0V，此反復(fu)幾次，以此激活。