什么是競技游泳
競技游泳是游泳(yong)(yong)運動(dong)項目之一,以(yi)運動(dong)員游進速(su)度快慢論(lun)勝負的比賽項目,它(ta)包括出發、途中游、轉(zhuan)身和終點觸(chu)壁技(ji)術(shu),以(yi)及自由泳(yong)(yong)(爬泳(yong)(yong))、仰泳(yong)(yong)、蛙(wa)泳(yong)(yong)、蝶泳(yong)(yong)四種泳(yong)(yong)式和由這四種泳(yong)(yong)式組成的混合泳(yong)(yong)。
競技游泳包括哪些泳姿
1、蝶泳
蝶(die)(die)(die)泳(yong)(yong)在(zai)四種(zhong)(zhong)競技游泳(yong)(yong)姿勢中是(shi)最年輕的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)泳(yong)(yong)式(shi),它是(shi)從蛙(wa)(wa)泳(yong)(yong)技術(shu)中派生出來的(de)。開(kai)始時的(de)蝶(die)(die)(die)泳(yong)(yong)實際上是(shi)手臂(bei)做(zuo)蝶(die)(die)(die)泳(yong)(yong)劃水(shui),而腿仍是(shi)蹬蛙(wa)(wa)泳(yong)(yong)腿的(de)蝶(die)(die)(die)式(shi)蛙(wa)(wa)泳(yong)(yong)。由于手臂(bei)動(dong)作的(de)外(wai)形好像蝴蝶(die)(die)(die)飛舞,所以(yi)稱(cheng)之為蝶(die)(die)(die)泳(yong)(yong)。1953年匈牙利運(yun)動(dong)員董貝(bei)克最早(zao)采用了海(hai)豚式(shi)打腿技術(shu),由于軀干和腿的(de)動(dong)作似海(hai)豚,所以(yi)又被(bei)人(ren)們稱(cheng)之為海(hai)豚泳(yong)(yong)。
2、仰泳
仰(yang)泳(yong),又名背(bei)泳(yong),是(shi)一(yi)種人體仰(yang)臥在(zai)水(shui)中的(de)游(you)泳(yong)姿(zi)勢。仰(yang)泳(yong)包括(kuo)反蛙泳(yong)和反爬泳(yong),因為臉(lian)面在(zai)水(shui)面上(shang),呼吸(xi)很方便,但是(shi)游(you)泳(yong)者看不到(dao)在(zai)往哪里游(you),容易錯方向。仰(yang)泳(yong)是(shi)唯一(yi)運(yun)動員(yuan)在(zai)水(shui)中開始的(de)姿(zi)勢,其它都是(shi)跳入(ru)水(shui)中。
3、蛙泳
蛙(wa)泳(yong)是競(jing)技游泳(yong)姿式之(zhi)一。也是最古老的泳(yong)姿。人體俯(fu)臥水(shui)(shui)面,兩(liang)臂在胸前對稱(cheng)直臂側下屈劃水(shui)(shui),兩(liang)腿對稱(cheng)屈伸(shen)蹬(deng)夾水(shui)(shui),似青(qing)蛙(wa)所以得(de)名蛙(wa)泳(yong)。蛙(wa)泳(yong)較省(sheng)力,易持久,實用(yong)價(jia)值大(da),同時,也是游泳(yong)初(chu)學者(zhe)的學習項(xiang)目。
4、自由泳
自由(you)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(freestyle)也稱(cheng)爬(pa)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是競技游(you)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比賽項(xiang)目之(zhi)一。游(you)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)規(gui)則規(gui)定(ding):“在自由(you)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比賽中,運動(dong)員(yuan)可(ke)采用任(ren)何(he)一種游(you)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)姿勢,轉身(shen)和到達終點時,可(ke)用身(shen)體的(de)(de)任(ren)何(he)部分(fen)解(jie)除池壁。”同時,自由(you)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)還是個人混(hun)合泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和混(hun)合接力的(de)(de)組成(cheng)部分(fen),但規(gui)則規(gui)定(ding)“個人混(hun)合泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和混(hun)合泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)接力中的(de)(de)自由(you)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),是指除蛙泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、蝶(die)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、仰泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以外的(de)(de)任(ren)何(he)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)式”。由(you)于爬(pa)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)速度最快,所以自由(you)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)現已成(cheng)為爬(pa)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)俗稱(cheng)、同義(yi)語。
競技游泳比賽項目
比(bi)賽必(bi)須根據國(guo)際泳聯(lian)頒布的競賽規則進行。現(xian)國(guo)際泳聯(lian)設的男、女(nv)世(shi)界紀錄共34項,包括(kuo):
自(zi)由泳:50米(mi)、100米(mi)、200米(mi)、400米(mi)、800米(mi)、1500米(mi)
仰(yang)泳:100米、200米;
蛙(wa)泳:100米、200米;
個(ge)人混合泳(yong):200米、400米;
自由泳接(jie)力:4*100米(mi)、4*200米(mi)
混(hun)合泳接力(li):4*100米
25米短池游泳(yong)(yong)比賽中(zhong),還增設(she)50米仰泳(yong)(yong)、50米蛙(wa)泳(yong)(yong)、50米蝶(die)泳(yong)(yong)、100米個人混(hun)合泳(yong)(yong)、4*50米自由泳(yong)(yong)接力、4*50米混(hun)合泳(yong)(yong)接力等項(xiang)目。
【注】以上均為世界游泳(yong)(yong)錦標賽的(de)(de)正(zheng)式比賽項目,但其中男(nan)女50米(mi)的(de)(de)蝶(die)泳(yong)(yong)、蛙泳(yong)(yong)、仰泳(yong)(yong),男(nan)子800米(mi)和(he)女子1500米(mi)的(de)(de)自(zi)由泳(yong)(yong)為非(fei)奧項目。
競技游泳技術
1、出發
出發或叫(jiao)起跳,是競(jing)技(ji)游泳技(ji)術(shu)的組成部分。出發技(ji)術(shu)的好壞與運(yun)動員成績有密切關(guan)系。由于比賽(sai)姿勢的不同,有兩種不同的出發方式:
①出發臺出發
自由(you)泳(yong)(yong)、蛙泳(yong)(yong)、蝶泳(yong)(yong)由(you)出(chu)(chu)發臺(tai)(tai)出(chu)(chu)發。比賽開(kai)始(shi)時(shi),運動(dong)員登上(shang)出(chu)(chu)發臺(tai)(tai),兩腿分開(kai)與肩同寬,兩膝稍微(wei)彎曲,腳趾用力抓(zhua)住出(chu)(chu)發臺(tai)(tai)前(qian)沿,身體(ti)(ti)前(qian)傾,身體(ti)(ti)重心落在前(qian)腳掌上(shang),兩臂(bei)自然置(zhi)于體(ti)(ti)側,低頭(tou),做好出(chu)(chu)發前(qian)的準備動(dong)作。
出發(fa)(fa)命(ming)令發(fa)(fa)出后(hou),運(yun)動員迅速(su)(su)起跳,首先(xian)是屈(qu)膝(xi)身體(ti)前倒(dao),然后(hou)向前擺臂,最后(hou)腳用(yong)力蹬離出發(fa)(fa)臺。這時身體(ti)在(zai)空中成滑(hua)翔姿勢(shi),低頭,兩臂繼(ji)續向前擺,伸直(zhi)入水。身體(ti)入水后(hou)保持流線型姿勢(shi)滑(hua)行(xing),滑(hua)行(xing)速(su)(su)度減(jian)至與游速(su)(su)相近時開始做(zuo)動作。自由泳、蝶泳先(xian)打腿,蛙泳先(xian)做(zuo)長(chang)劃臂。
②水中出發
仰泳出(chu)(chu)發是在水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)的,稱為水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)出(chu)(chu)發。預備姿勢,面(mian)向池(chi)壁(bi),兩(liang)手(shou)(shou)握緊出(chu)(chu)發臺的把手(shou)(shou),團縮(suo)身體(ti),兩(liang)腳分開蹬(deng)住水(shui)(shui)(shui)平線(xian)下的池(chi)壁(bi)。出(chu)(chu)發時兩(liang)腳用力蹬(deng)池(chi)壁(bi),兩(liang)手(shou)(shou)從空中(zhong)向后(hou)擺,挺胸抬頭,身體(ti)成反弓形(xing)從空中(zhong)向后(hou)騰起。入水(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)身體(ti)逐漸成水(shui)(shui)(shui)平位置滑(hua)行(xing),然(ran)后(hou)開始打腿劃臂。
2、轉身
轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)是競技(ji)游泳(yong)技(ji)術的組成部分(fen)。任何(he)比賽(sai)項目都包括有(you)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen),最少1次(ci),最多(duo)29次(ci)。因此轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)技(ji)術好(hao)壞與運動成績(ji)有(you)著直(zhi)接關系,對中(zhong)、長距離游泳(yong)運動員更為重(zhong)要。在競技(ji)游泳(yong)中(zhong)任何(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)技(ji)術均受(shou)規則的限(xian)制(zhi)。所以蛙泳(yong)、蝶泳(yong)、仰泳(yong)在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)技(ji)術方(fang)面多(duo)年來(lai)仍然保持原來(lai)的基本方(fang)法,但(dan)是自由泳(yong)曾出(chu)現(xian)(xian)過多(duo)種多(duo)樣的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)姿勢(shi),如抬頭轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)、低頭轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)、擺動式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)和后滾翻(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)等(deng),這些轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)技(ji)術都是比較(jiao)簡單的。以后出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了前滾翻(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen),這是比較(jiao)先(xian)進也(ye)是比較(jiao)復雜的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)技(ji)術。
3、到達終點
各種姿勢途中游和到(dao)達終點的技術,分別(bie)在競技游泳各項目中述及。