【地(di)源熱(re)泵埋管(guan)】地(di)源熱(re)泵埋管(guan)深度 地(di)源熱(re)泵埋管(guan)方(fang)式有幾種

地源熱泵地下埋管的幾種形式

目(mu)前(qian)地(di)(di)源熱(re)(re)泵(beng)地(di)(di)下(xia)埋(mai)(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)換(huan)熱(re)(re)器主(zhu)(zhu)要有兩種形(xing)式(shi)，即(ji)水平(ping)埋(mai)(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和垂直埋(mai)(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。水平(ping)埋(mai)(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)主(zhu)(zhu)要有單(dan)溝(gou)(gou)單(dan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、單(dan)溝(gou)(gou)雙管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、單(dan)溝(gou)(gou)二層(ceng)雙管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、單(dan)溝(gou)(gou)二層(ceng)四管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、單(dan)溝(gou)(gou)二層(ceng)六管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)等形(xing)式(shi)，由于(yu)(yu)多層(ceng)埋(mai)(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)下(xia)層(ceng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)處于(yu)(yu)一個較(jiao)穩定的(de)溫度場(chang),換(huan)熱(re)(re)效率好于(yu)(yu)單(dan)層(ceng)，而且占(zhan)地(di)(di)面積較(jiao)少。

水(shui)平(ping)埋(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)主要有單(dan)(dan)(dan)溝(gou)單(dan)(dan)(dan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、單(dan)(dan)(dan)溝(gou)雙(shuang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、單(dan)(dan)(dan)溝(gou)二層(ceng)(ceng)雙(shuang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、單(dan)(dan)(dan)溝(gou)二層(ceng)(ceng)四管(guan)(guan)(guan)、單(dan)(dan)(dan)溝(gou)二層(ceng)(ceng)六管(guan)(guan)(guan)等形式(shi)，由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)多(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)埋(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)處于(yu)(yu)(yu)一個較穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)場，換熱(re)(re)效率好于(yu)(yu)(yu)單(dan)(dan)(dan)層(ceng)(ceng)，而且占地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)較少，因(yin)此應(ying)用(yong)多(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)較多(duo)。近年來國外又(you)新開(kai)發了(le)兩種(zhong)水(shui)平(ping)埋(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)形式(shi)，一種(zhong)是扁平(ping)曲線(xian)狀管(guan)(guan)(guan)，另(ling)一種(zhong)是螺旋(xuan)狀管(guan)(guan)(guan)。它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)是使(shi)地(di)(di)(di)溝(gou)長度(du)(du)縮短，而可(ke)埋(mai)沒的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)長度(du)(du)增加。管(guan)(guan)(guan)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)設視巖(yan)土情(qing)(qing)況，可(ke)采(cai)取挖溝(gou)或大(da)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)開(kai)挖方(fang)法。單(dan)(dan)(dan)層(ceng)(ceng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)最佳深(shen)度(du)(du)0.8~1.0m，雙(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)1.2~1.9m，但無論任何情(qing)(qing)況均應(ying)埋(mai)在當地(di)(di)(di)冰凍(dong)線(xian)以下(xia)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)平(ping)管(guan)(guan)(guan)埋(mai)深(shen)較淺(qian)，其(qi)埋(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)換熱(re)(re)器性能(neng)不如(ru)垂直埋(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，而且施工時，占用(yong)場地(di)(di)(di)大(da)，在實際使(shi)用(yong)中，往往是單(dan)(dan)(dan)層(ceng)(ceng)與多(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)互相搭配；螺旋(xuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)優于(yu)(yu)(yu)直管(guan)(guan)(guan)，但不易施工。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)淺(qian)埋(mai)水(shui)平(ping)管(guan)(guan)(guan)受地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)影(ying)響大(da)，地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)巖(yan)土冬夏熱(re)(re)平(ping)衡好，因(yin)此適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)單(dan)(dan)(dan)季使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況（如(ru)歐洲只(zhi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)冬季供暖和(he)生活熱(re)(re)水(shui)供應(ying))，對冬夏冷暖聯供系統使(shi)用(yong)者很少。

垂直(zhi)(zhi)埋(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)根據埋(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)形(xing)(xing)式的不(bu)同，一般(ban)有單U形(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，雙U形(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，小直(zhi)(zhi)徑螺(luo)(luo)旋(xuan)盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)和大(da)直(zhi)(zhi)徑螺(luo)(luo)旋(xuan)盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)，立式柱，套管(guan)(guan)(guan)、蜘(zhi)蛛狀管(guan)(guan)(guan)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)式管(guan)(guan)(guan)等形(xing)(xing)式；按埋(mai)設深度(du)不(bu)；同分為(wei)淺(qian)埋(mai)（≤30）、中埋(mai)(31～80m)和深埋(mai)(>80m)。

目前使用最多的(de)是(shi)U形管、套管和單(dan)管式。下面作一簡述(shu)。

1)U形管(guan)型是在(zai)鉆孔的管(guan)井(jing)內安(an)裝(zhuang)U形管(guan)，一(yi)般管(guan)井(jing)直徑(jing)為100~159mm，井(jing)深(shen)10~200m。U形管(guan)徑(jing)一(yi)般在(zai)φ50mm以下(xia)(主(zhu)要是流量不宜過(guo)大(da)所限)，由于(yu)施(shi)工簡(jian)單；換熱性能較(jiao)好(hao)，承壓(ya)高(gao)，管(guan)路接(jie)頭(tou)少(shao)，不易泄漏(lou)等原因，目前應(ying)用最多。如美國加州(zhou)斯托克斯大(da)學供應(ying)了48萬m2空調建筑的地(di)源熱泵系(xi)統，有390個深(shen)度超過(guo)120m的地(di)下(xia)埋管(guan)，據介紹，采用這種(zhong)地(di)源熱泵系(xi)統較(jiao)常規空調每年可節約各種(zhong)費用45.5萬美元(yuan)，其中能量費用33萬美元(yuan)，節電25％，節約燃料費70％。

國外有的(de)工(gong)程把U形管(guan)捆扎在樁(zhuang)基的(de)鋼筋網架上，然后澆灌混凝土，不占(zhan)用(yong)地面(mian)。如(ru)瑞(rui)士某(mou)工(gong)廠地源熱泵系統(tong)從600個樁(zhuang)基中(zhong)吸收熱量或冷(leng)量，用(yong)于(yu)2萬(wan)平方米(mi)建筑物(wu)的(de)供暖和制冷(leng)。

2)套管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)武換(huan)熱(re)器的(de)外管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)直(zhi)(zhi)徑一般為100~200mm,內管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)為φ15~φ25mm。由(you)于增大(da)了管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)外壁與(yu)(yu)巖土(tu)的(de)換(huan)熱(re)面(mian)積，因此(ci)(ci)其(qi)單位井(jing)深的(de)換(huan)熱(re)量高(gao)(gao)，根據(ju)試驗結果，其(qi)換(huan)熱(re)效率(lv)較U形(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)提高(gao)(gao)16.7％。其(qi)缺點是套管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)直(zhi)(zhi)徑及鉆孔直(zhi)(zhi)徑較大(da)，下管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)比較固(gu)難，初投資(zi)比U形(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)高(gao)(gao)。在套管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)端(duan)部(bu)與(yu)(yu)內管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)進。出(chu)水(shui)(shui)連接(jie)處不好處理，易(yi)泄漏，因此(ci)(ci)適用(yong)于深度≤30m的(de)豎埋(mai)(mai)直(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，對中埋(mai)(mai)采用(yong)此(ci)(ci)種形(xing)(xing)式宜(yi)慎重。為防(fang)止漏水(shui)(shui)，套管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)端(duan)部(bu)封頭(tou)部(bu)分宜(yi)由(you)工廠加工制(zhi)作，現(xian)場(chang)安裝，以保證嚴密性。

3)單管(guan)(guan)型(xing)在國外常稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“熱井”，它主要用于地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)做熱源(yuan)的熱泵系統，一(yi)般來講該種(zhong)型(xing)式投資較(jiao)少。其(qi)安裝方法(fa)是地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)位以上用鋼套管(guan)(guan)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)護套，直徑和孔徑一(yi)致，典型(xing)孔徑為(wei)(wei)(wei)150mm。地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)位以下(xia)(xia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)然孔洞，不加任何設施。孔洞中有一(yi)根出水(shui)管(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)熱泵機組供水(shui)，回水(shui)自(zi)然排放或回到管(guan)(guan)井內。這種(zhong)方式受(shou)地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)資源(yuan)、國家(jia)有關政策及(ji)法(fa)規限制(zhi)大(da)。

地源熱泵地下埋管深度

水平(ping)埋管(guan)(guan)埋設情(qing)況比(bi)較簡(jian)單，前(qian)面已述。關于(yu)豎(shu)直埋管(guan)(guan)的埋設深(shen)度應根(gen)據當地地質情(qing)況，工程及場地的大(da)(da)小(xiao)，投資及使用的鉆機性能等情(qing)況綜合考慮(lv)。結合國情(qing)，根(gen)據筆者的工程實踐體會(hui)，其(qi)中(zhong)有幾點應注意到：①鉆井深(shen)60m以內井深(shen)的鉆機成本少，費用低(di)，如(ru)(ru)果大(da)(da)于(yu)60m，其(qi)鉆機成本會(hui)提高。②井深(shen)80m以內，可用國產普通(tong)型承(cheng)(cheng)壓(ya)(ya)（承(cheng)(cheng)壓(ya)(ya)1.0MP)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)，如(ru)(ru)深(shen)度大(da)(da)于(yu)80m，需采(cai)用高承(cheng)(cheng)壓(ya)(ya)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)，其(qi)成本大(da)(da)大(da)(da)增加；⑧據比(bi)較，井深(shen)50m的造(zao)價比(bi)100m的要低(di)30％~50％。上述是針(zhen)對(dui)地面中(zhong)央機房(fang)而言，如(ru)(ru)果采(cai)用分(fen)室型韻系(xi)統還要考慮(lv)建筑(zhu)高度的影(ying)響。

水源熱(re)泵系統還要考慮建筑高度(du)的影(ying)響。一般來講，淺埋(mai)(mai)管(guan)優點(dian)是(shi)：投資少(shao)，成本低。鉆(zhan)機要求不(bu)高，可使(shi)用(yong)普通承(cheng)壓（0.6~1.0MP）的塑料管(guan)，由(you)于受地(di)面溫度(du)影(ying)響，一般地(di)下(xia)(xia)巖土冬(dong)夏(xia)熱(re)平衡性(xing)較(jiao)好(hao)，其缺點(dian)是(shi)占(zhan)(zhan)用(yong)場地(di)面積(ji)大，管(guan)路接(jie)頭(tou)多，埋(mai)(mai)管(guan)換熱(re)效率較(jiao)中(zhong)深埋(mai)(mai)者低。深埋(mai)(mai)管(guan)優點(dian)是(shi)：占(zhan)(zhan)用(yong)場地(di)面積(ji)小，地(di)下(xia)(xia)巖土溫度(du)穩(wen)定(ding)。

一般來講(jiang)，淺埋(mai)管(guan)優點(dian)是(shi)：投資少，成本低(di)。鉆(zhan)機要求(qiu)不高，可使用普通承壓（0.6~1.0MP）的塑(su)料(liao)管(guan)，由于受地面(mian)(mian)溫度影響，一般地下巖(yan)土(tu)冬夏熱平衡性(xing)較(jiao)好，其缺(que)點(dian)是(shi)占用場地面(mian)(mian)積大(da)，管(guan)路接(jie)頭多(duo)，埋(mai)管(guan)換熱效(xiao)率(lv)較(jiao)中深埋(mai)者低(di)。

深埋管優點是(shi)：占用場地(di)面積小(xiao)，地(di)下巖土(tu)溫度穩定(ding)。