【永(yong)(yong)磁發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)】什么是永(yong)(yong)磁發(fa)電(dian)機(ji) 永(yong)(yong)磁發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)原(yuan)理(li) 永(yong)(yong)磁發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)的優(you)點

永磁發電機的優點

1、結構簡單、可靠性高。永磁式發電機省去了勵磁式發電機的(de)勵(li)磁繞(rao)組、碳(tan)刷、滑(hua)環結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，整機(ji)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)簡單，避(bi)(bi)免了勵(li)磁繞(rao)組易(yi)燒(shao)毀(hui)、斷線，碳(tan)刷、滑(hua)環結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，整機(ji)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)簡單，避(bi)(bi)免了勵(li)磁式發電機(ji)勵(li)磁式發電機(ji)勵(li)磁繞(rao)組易(yi)燒(shao)毀(hui)、斷線，碳(tan)刷、滑(hua)環易(yi)磨(mo)損等故障(zhang)，可靠性(xing)大(da)為提高。

2、能顯著地延長蓄電池壽(shou)命(ming)，減少蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)維護工作。主要原因是(shi)(shi)永磁式(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用的是(shi)(shi)開關式(shi)的整流(liu)穩壓方式(shi)，穩壓精度高，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果好。避(bi)免了過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)造成的蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)縮短。永磁式(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的開頭式(shi)整流(liu)輸出對(dui)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)采(cai)用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，相同的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果更好，從而延長(chang)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的使用壽(shou)命(ming)。

3、效率高。永磁(ci)式發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機是一種節能產品。永磁(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子結構免去了產生轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子磁(ci)場所需的勵磁(ci)功率和碳刷、滑環之間磨(mo)擦的機械損(sun)耗，使得永磁(ci)式發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機效率大為提高。普通勵磁(ci)式發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機在1500轉(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(fen)至6000轉(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(fen)之間的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速范圍內平均效率只有45%至55%，而永磁(ci)式發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機則可高達75%至80%。

4、采用自啟動(dong)式穩壓器(qi)無(wu)需外加(jia)勵磁(ci)電(dian)源。發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)只(zhi)要一(yi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)就能發電(dian)。當蓄電(dian)池(chi)損(sun)壞時(shi)，只(zhi)要發動(dong)機(ji)(ji)處于運(yun)(yun)行狀態，汽車充(chong)電(dian)系(xi)統仍可正常工作。如(ru)汽車沒有(you)蓄電(dian)池(chi)，只(zhi)要搖轉(zhuan)(zhuan)手把或(huo)溜(liu)車，也可實現點火運(yun)(yun)行。

永磁發電機的三大問題

1、控制問題

永磁(ci)(ci)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)制成后不(bu)需外(wai)(wai)界能量即可維持其磁(ci)(ci)場，但也造成從外(wai)(wai)部調節、控(kong)制其磁(ci)(ci)場極為(wei)困(kun)難。這些使永磁(ci)(ci)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)范圍(wei)受到了限制。但是，隨著MOSFET、IGBTT等電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子器件(jian)的(de)(de)控(kong)制技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)迅(xun)猛(meng)發展(zhan)，永磁(ci)(ci)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)在(zai)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)中無需磁(ci)(ci)場控(kong)制而(er)只進(jin)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出控(kong)制。設(she)計時需要釹鐵(tie)硼材(cai)料(liao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子器件(jian)和(he)微(wei)機(ji)控(kong)制三項新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)結(jie)合(he)起來，使永磁(ci)(ci)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)在(zai)嶄新(xin)的(de)(de)工況下運行(xing)。

2、不可逆退磁問題

如果(guo)設(she)計和使用(yong)不(bu)當，永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)在溫度過(guo)高(釹鐵硼永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci))或(huo)(huo)過(guo)低(di)(鐵氧體(ti)永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci))時(shi)，在沖擊電(dian)(dian)(dian)流產生的電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞反應(ying)作(zuo)用(yong)下，或(huo)(huo)在劇烈的機(ji)械(xie)振動時(shi)有可(ke)能產生不(bu)可(ke)逆退磁(ci)(ci)，或(huo)(huo)叫(jiao)失磁(ci)(ci)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)性能降(jiang)低(di)，甚至無法使用(yong)。因而，既要研究開發(fa)適合于電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)制造廠(chang)使用(yong)的檢查永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)材(cai)料熱(re)穩定性的方法和裝置，又(you)要分析各種不(bu)同結(jie)構形式(shi)的抗(kang)去磁(ci)(ci)能力，以便在設(she)計和制造時(shi)采用(yong)相應(ying)措(cuo)施保證永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)式(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)不(bu)會失磁(ci)(ci)。

3、成本問題

由于稀(xi)土永磁材料目(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)價格還(huan)比較(jiao)貴，稀(xi)土永磁發電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本一(yi)般比電(dian)勵(li)磁式發電(dian)機(ji)高(gao)，但這個成(cheng)會在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)高(gao)性(xing)能和(he)運行(xing)中得(de)到較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)補償。在(zai)今后的(de)(de)(de)設計中會根據具(ju)體使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)場合和(he)要求(qiu)，進行(xing)性(xing)能、價格的(de)(de)(de)比較(jiao)，并(bing)進行(xing)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)創新和(he)設計的(de)(de)(de)優(you)化，以降低(di)制造(zao)成(cheng)本。無可否認，現正在(zai)開發的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)成(cheng)本價格比目(mu)前通用的(de)(de)(de)發電(dian)機(ji)略高(gao)，但是(shi)我們相信，隨著產(chan)品(pin)更進一(yi)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)完美(mei)，成(cheng)本問(wen)題(ti)會得(de)到很好的(de)(de)(de)解決。

永磁發電機結構

永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)發電機與勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)發電機的(de)(de)最大區別在于(yu)它的(de)(de)勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)是由永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體產生的(de)(de)。永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體在電機中既是磁(ci)(ci)(ci)源，又是磁(ci)(ci)(ci)路(lu)的(de)(de)組(zu)成(cheng)部分。

永(yong)磁體的(de)磁性(xing)能(neng)(neng)與生(sheng)產廠(chang)的(de)制造工(gong)藝、永(yong)磁體的(de)形狀和尺(chi)寸(cun)、充磁機(ji)的(de)容量和充磁方法(fa)有關，具(ju)體性(xing)能(neng)(neng)數(shu)據(ju)的(de)離散性(xing)很(hen)大。而且永(yong)磁體在(zai)電機(ji)中所能(neng)(neng)提供的(de)磁通量和磁動勢(shi)還隨(sui)磁路其余(yu)部分(fen)的(de)材料性(xing)能(neng)(neng)、尺(chi)寸(cun)和電機(ji)運行狀態(tai)而變(bian)化。

永磁(ci)(ci)發電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)路(lu)結(jie)構(gou)多種多樣(yang)，漏磁(ci)(ci)路(lu)十分(fen)復(fu)雜而且(qie)漏磁(ci)(ci)通占(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)比例(li)較大，鐵磁(ci)(ci)材料部分(fen)又比較容易飽和，磁(ci)(ci)導是非線性的(de)(de)(de)。這些都增(zeng)加了永磁(ci)(ci)發電(dian)(dian)機電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)計算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜性，使計算(suan)結(jie)果的(de)(de)(de)準確度低于電(dian)(dian)勵磁(ci)(ci)發電(dian)(dian)機。

永磁發電機原理

與交流(liu)發(fa)電(dian)機一樣利用導(dao)線切(qie)割(ge)磁力(li)線感(gan)應出電(dian)勢(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)磁感(gan)應原理(li)，將原動(dong)機的(de)(de)機械能變(bian)為電(dian)能輸出。由定子(zi)(zi)(zi)和轉子(zi)(zi)(zi)兩(liang)部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)。定子(zi)(zi)(zi)是發(fa)出電(dian)力(li)的(de)(de)電(dian)樞，轉子(zi)(zi)(zi)是磁極。定子(zi)(zi)(zi)由電(dian)樞鐵芯，均勻排放的(de)(de)三相繞(rao)組及機座和端蓋等(deng)組成(cheng)。

轉子(zi)(zi)通(tong)常(chang)為(wei)隱極式，由勵磁(ci)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)、鐵芯和軸、護(hu)環、中心環等組(zu)成。轉子(zi)(zi)的勵磁(ci)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)通(tong)入直流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)，產生接近于正(zheng)弦分布磁(ci)場(稱(cheng)為(wei)轉子(zi)(zi)磁(ci)場)，其(qi)有效(xiao)勵磁(ci)磁(ci)通(tong)與(yu)靜(jing)止的電(dian)樞繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)相(xiang)(xiang)交鏈。轉子(zi)(zi)旋轉時，轉子(zi)(zi)磁(ci)場隨同一(yi)起旋轉、每轉一(yi)周，磁(ci)力(li)線順序切割定子(zi)(zi)的每相(xiang)(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)，在三相(xiang)(xiang)定子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)內感應出三相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)勢。

發電機帶對(dui)稱負載運(yun)行時，三相電樞電流合(he)成產(chan)生(sheng)一個同步轉速的旋轉磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)。定子(zi)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)和轉子(zi)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)相互作(zuo)用，會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)制(zhi)動(dong)轉矩。從(cong)汽(qi)輪機/水(shui)輪機/燃氣(qi)輪機，輸入的機械轉矩克服(fu)制(zhi)動(dong)轉矩而作(zuo)功(gong)。