怎樣(yang)給鹽堿地小麥平衡施肥(fei)

大部分(fen)鹽(yan)漬化土壤(rang)(rang)中，土壤(rang)(rang)有機質含(han)量低，礦(kuang)質養(yang)分(fen)不均衡，微量元(yuan)素缺(que)乏(fa)，作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)所必需的礦(kuang)質元(yuan)素因土壤(rang)(rang)PH值較高(gao)而形成沉淀難以被(bei)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)吸收利(li)用，從而導(dao)致農作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)營養(yang)缺(que)乏(fa)。鹽(yan)堿地小麥要高(gao)產，施肥是關鍵。主要掌(zhang)握以下原則：

一、堅持以有機肥為主

農諺說：“堿大吃苗，肥大吃堿。”這里所說的(de)肥即(ji)指有機肥料(liao)(liao)，給鹽堿地(di)增(zeng)施(shi)有機肥料(liao)(liao)，能增(zeng)加土壤(rang)中(zhong)有機質含(han)量，使(shi)農作物(wu)在(zai)整個生育(yu)過程中(zhong)得到全面(mian)營養(yang)，而且提高土壤(rang)保肥能力和對(dui)酸(suan)堿及(ji)有害離子的(de)緩(huan)沖(chong)能力，降(jiang)低土壤(rang)中(zhong)鹽分(fen)與PH值，減輕鹽堿對(dui)農作物(wu)的(de)為害，促進(jin)土壤(rang)熟化。一般(ban)來說，每畝(mu)鹽堿地(di)應施(shi)有機肥3～4立方米，并要(yao)堅持(chi)每年秸稈還田。在(zai)當前(qian)有機肥料(liao)(liao)不(bu)足的(de)情況下(xia)，種(zhong)植綠肥是解(jie)決脫鹽問題的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)途徑(jing)。

二、合理選用化肥種類

化肥大多(duo)數是(shi)鹽(yan)類(lei)，有酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之分。酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)化肥可以在(zai)(zai)鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)地上施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用。而堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肥料(liao)(liao)則(ze)應(ying)避(bi)免在(zai)(zai)鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)地上施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用。如(ru)尿素、碳(tan)酸(suan)(suan)氫銨(an)、硝酸(suan)(suan)銨(an)等在(zai)(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)不殘留任何雜質，不會增加土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)鹽(yan)分和堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，適(shi)(shi)宜在(zai)(zai)鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)地上施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用;硫酸(suan)(suan)銨(an)是(shi)生理酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肥料(liao)(liao)，其中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)銨(an)被小麥吸收后，殘留的(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)根可以降低鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，也(ye)適(shi)(shi)宜施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用;草(cao)木(mu)灰等堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肥料(liao)(liao)，就不適(shi)(shi)宜在(zai)(zai)鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)地上施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用;給鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)地小麥施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用磷(lin)肥時，應(ying)選用過磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鈣。而鈣鎂(mei)磷(lin)肥是(shi)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肥料(liao)(liao)，在(zai)(zai)鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)地上施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用，不僅(jin)沒有效果(guo)，還會導致(zhi)土(tu)壤(rang)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加重。

三、注意配合施用有機肥料

這(zhe)樣既可(ke)以(yi)(yi)補充多種(zhong)營養，又有利于降低土壤溶液濃(nong)(nong)度(du)，減輕由于施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)化肥而引起(qi)鹽堿為害。施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥要注(zhu)意多次(ci)少量施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)，以(yi)(yi)免土壤溶液濃(nong)(nong)度(du)驟然過(guo)高(gao)，影響小麥吸(xi)收和生長。銨態氮(dan)肥在(zai)鹽堿地(di)上施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)易引起(qi)氨的揮發。因此，一定要深施(shi)(shi)(shi)埋嚴。鹽堿地(di)地(di)溫低，微生物活動(dong)減弱，有效磷釋放少，常表現缺磷，增(zeng)(zeng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)磷肥可(ke)以(yi)(yi)顯著增(zeng)(zeng)產，施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥方法是做(zuo)底(di)肥深施(shi)(shi)(shi)。