一、電子簽名與手寫簽名具有同等法律效力嗎
根據《電子簽名法》第14條規定：“可靠的電子簽名與手寫簽名或者蓋章具有同等的法律效力。”可靠的電子簽名應當具備以下法定條件：
1、電子簽名制作數據用于電子簽名時，屬于電子簽名人專有。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)據(ju)是(shi)指在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)過程中使(shi)用的，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人可靠(kao)地聯(lian)系起(qi)來(lai)的字符、編碼等數(shu)據(ju)。它是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人在(zai)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)過程中掌握(wo)的核(he)心數(shu)據(ju)。唯有通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)據(ju)的歸(gui)屬判斷，才(cai)能(neng)確定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人之間的同一性和準確性。
因此，一旦電(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)制(zhi)作(zuo)數據(ju)被他人(ren)占有(you)，則依賴(lai)于該電(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)制(zhi)作(zuo)數據(ju)而生成的(de)(de)電(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)有(you)可能(neng)與電(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)人(ren)的(de)(de)意愿不(bu)符，顯然不(bu)能(neng)視為(wei)可靠的(de)(de)電(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)。
2、簽署時電子簽名制作數據僅由電子簽名人控制。
這一項規定是對(dui)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)過程中電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)制作(zuo)數(shu)據(ju)歸誰(shui)控制的要求。這里所(suo)規定的控制是指基于(yu)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)人的自(zi)由意志而(er)對(dui)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)制作(zuo)數(shu)據(ju)的控制。
在電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)實(shi)施(shi)電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)過程中，無(wu)論是(shi)電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)自己實(shi)施(shi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，還是(shi)委托他(ta)人(ren)(ren)代(dai)為(wei)實(shi)施(shi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，只(zhi)要電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)擁有實(shi)質上的(de)控制(zhi)權，則其所實(shi)施(shi)的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，滿足(zu)本法此項規定(ding)的(de)要求。
3、簽署后對電子簽名的任何改動能夠被發現。
采(cai)用數(shu)字簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)技術(shu)的(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)人(ren)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)后，對方當事(shi)人(ren)可(ke)(ke)以通過一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)技術(shu)手(shou)段來驗證其所收到的(de)(de)數(shu)據電(dian)文是否(fou)是發件人(ren)所發出，發件人(ren)的(de)(de)數(shu)字簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)有沒有被(bei)改動。倘(tang)若能(neng)夠發現發件人(ren)的(de)(de)數(shu)字簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)后曾經被(bei)他人(ren)更改，則該(gai)項簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)不(bu)能(neng)滿足本法(fa)此項規定(ding)的(de)(de)要(yao)求，不(bu)能(neng)成為一(yi)項可(ke)(ke)靠的(de)(de)電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)。
4、簽署后對電文內容和形式的任何改動能夠被發現。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)一(yi)項重要(yao)功能(neng)在(zai)于表明(ming)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)認可數據電(dian)(dian)(dian)文(wen)的(de)(de)內容，而(er)要(yao)實(shi)現(xian)這一(yi)功能(neng)，必須要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)在(zai)技(ji)術手段上(shang)能(neng)夠保(bao)證經(jing)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)簽署后(hou)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)文(wen)不(bu)被他(ta)人(ren)篡改(gai)。否則，電(dian)(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)依(yi)據一(yi)定的(de)(de)技(ji)術手段實(shi)施(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)，簽署后(hou)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)文(wen)被他(ta)人(ren)篡改(gai)卻不(bu)能(neng)夠被發現(xian)，此時(shi)出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)法律糾紛將無法依(yi)據本法予以解決。
電(dian)子簽名人的(de)合法權益難以得(de)到(dao)有效保(bao)護。因此(ci)，要符(fu)合本(ben)法規定的(de)可(ke)靠的(de)電(dian)子簽名的(de)要求，必須保(bao)證電(dian)子簽名簽署后，對數據電(dian)文內容和形(xing)式(shi)的(de)任何改動(dong)都能夠被發現。
一項電(dian)子簽名(ming)如果同時符合上述四項條件(jian)，可(ke)以視為可(ke)靠的電(dian)子簽名(ming)。
二、電子簽名怎么簽才有效
1、確認簽署人的真實身份
①第三方電子簽名平臺進行實名認證
用(yong)戶(hu)注冊(ce)平(ping)(ping)臺帳(zhang)號后，平(ping)(ping)臺會(hui)要求用(yong)戶(hu)進(jin)行實(shi)名(ming)(ming)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)，認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)通過后方(fang)(fang)可(ke)(ke)進(jin)行電子(zi)合同簽署(shu)。實(shi)名(ming)(ming)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)時，個(ge)人用(yong)戶(hu)需要提(ti)交(jiao)個(ge)人身(shen)份(fen)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)，企(qi)業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)需要提(ti)交(jiao)工(gong)商信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)。第(di)(di)三(san)方(fang)(fang)電子(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)平(ping)(ping)臺會(hui)接(jie)入(ru)公(gong)安部的(de)個(ge)人身(shen)份(fen)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)統和工(gong)商總(zong)局的(de)企(qi)業(ye)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)系(xi)統，從而對用(yong)戶(hu)身(shen)份(fen)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)進(jin)行查驗(yan)，確保用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)身(shen)份(fen)不會(hui)被(bei)冒充(chong)。在(zai)個(ge)人認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)環節，第(di)(di)三(san)方(fang)(fang)電子(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)平(ping)(ping)臺可(ke)(ke)提(ti)供(gong)微信(xin)(xin)、刷(shua)臉(lian)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)(fang)式，幫助用(yong)戶(hu)快速(su)完整身(shen)份(fen)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)。而企(qi)業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)，因(yin)為(wei)涉及的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)較多，第(di)(di)三(san)方(fang)(fang)電子(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)平(ping)(ping)臺將(jiang)會(hui)通過企(qi)業(ye)對公(gong)賬(zhang)戶(hu)打款(kuan)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)核查，來確認(ren)(ren)企(qi)業(ye)身(shen)份(fen)的(de)真實(shi)性(xing)。
②CA機構頒發數字證書
CA機構即(ji)證(zheng)(zheng)書(shu)授權中心(xin)，是電(dian)子(zi)商務交易中受信任的第三方。當(dang)用戶通(tong)過第三方電(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)平(ping)臺的實名(ming)認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)，就(jiu)可獲得第三方電(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)平(ping)臺合作的CA機構所(suo)頒發(fa)的數(shu)字(zi)證(zheng)(zheng)書(shu)，作為(wei)(wei)該用戶網上身份證(zheng)(zheng)明的依據(ju)。并(bing)且該證(zheng)(zheng)書(shu)以數(shu)字(zi)簽名(ming)技術(shu)為(wei)(wei)核心(xin)，使得證(zheng)(zheng)書(shu)不(bu)被偽造、不(bu)被篡(cuan)改。
2、創建專屬電子簽名
通(tong)過實名(ming)認證后，用(yong)戶就可以開(kai)始創建自己專屬的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)了，這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)會以數(shu)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)文的(de)(de)形式(shi)保存在(zai)第(di)三(san)(san)方電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)平臺。個人用(yong)戶，可在(zai)第(di)三(san)(san)方電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)平臺設置手寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)，也可以使用(yong)系(xi)統生成的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)。企業(ye)用(yong)戶可上傳制作企業(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)章，在(zai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)合同(tong)時，可選擇(ze)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)章進行簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)。該電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)相(xiang)當于(yu)紙質合同(tong)中的(de)(de)手寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)或者公章，是具有法律效力的(de)(de)。
3、簽署及管理電子合同
當我們需要簽署一份電子合同時，電子簽名怎么(me)簽(qian)呢？其實很簡(jian)單，只需要上(shang)傳編(bian)輯好的合同(tong)文檔，設(she)置(zhi)相應(ying)的簽(qian)署方與(yu)簽(qian)署順(shun)序(xu)等標準(zhun)后，就可以在電(dian)(dian)子(zi)合同(tong)上(shang)添加自己的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)和簽(qian)署日期，即(ji)可完(wan)成己方簽(qian)署。然后對方將收到(dao)短信提醒，并同(tong)樣經過實名(ming)(ming)認證-電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)過程后，一(yi)份電(dian)(dian)子(zi)合同(tong)即(ji)簽(qian)署完(wan)成了(le)。經過第三(san)方電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)平臺，采用(yong)可靠(kao)的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)簽(qian)訂的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)合同(tong)才是(shi)具有法律效力的。
用戶通過(guo)第(di)(di)三(san)(san)方(fang)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)平臺(tai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署電(dian)子(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)時可通過(guo)短信驗證(zheng)碼、指紋、刷臉等方(fang)式(shi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署。同(tong)(tong)時，電(dian)子(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署完成后，將(jiang)存儲在電(dian)子(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)平臺(tai)云端，用戶隨時隨地都可以(yi)登錄(lu)第(di)(di)三(san)(san)方(fang)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)平臺(tai)，對(dui)電(dian)子(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)進行(xing)分類、查找(zhao)、查閱及下載等管理操作。最后，用戶也可以(yi)通過(guo)第(di)(di)三(san)(san)方(fang)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)平臺(tai)的“合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)查驗”和“合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)驗簽(qian)(qian)(qian)”服務對(dui)電(dian)子(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署信息(xi)、有效性進行(xing)檢驗，查看其是否被(bei)篡改(gai)過(guo)。
4、第三方電子簽名平臺的其他服務
除了(le)實名(ming)認證(zheng)(zheng)、電子簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)制(zhi)作(zuo)、電子合同(tong)簽(qian)(qian)署、電子合同(tong)管理之(zhi)外，第(di)三方電子簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)平(ping)臺還會(hui)提供(gong)許(xu)多其(qi)他服(fu)務(wu)(wu)，如出證(zheng)(zheng)報(bao)告、司法鑒定(ding)、網(wang)絡仲裁、法律(lv)咨(zi)詢(xun)等法律(lv)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)。一旦用戶產生合同(tong)糾(jiu)紛，即可申請(qing)第(di)三方電子簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)平(ping)臺相(xiang)應的服(fu)務(wu)(wu)，高效(xiao)解決(jue)合同(tong)糾(jiu)紛問題(ti)。
