【繼電器(qi)控制電路】繼電器(qi)控制電路解析(xi) 繼電器(qi)的正確使(shi)用方法

一、繼電器控制電路

能帶動繼電器工作的CMOS集成塊

在人們的習慣中，總認為CMOS集成塊不能直接帶動繼電器工作，但實驗證明，部分CMOS集成塊不僅能直接帶動繼電器工作，而且工作穩定可靠。實驗中所用繼電器的型號為JRC5M－DC12V微型密封繼電器（其線圈電阻為750Ω）。現將CD4066 CMOS集成塊帶動繼電器的工(gong)作(zuo)原理分析如下(xia)：

CD4066是四(si)(si)雙(shuang)向模擬開關，集成(cheng)(cheng)塊(kuai)SCR1～SCR4為控制(zhi)端，用于控制(zhi)四(si)(si)雙(shuang)向模擬開關的通(tong)(tong)斷。當(dang)SCR1接高電平時，集成(cheng)(cheng)塊(kuai)①、②腳(jiao)導通(tong)(tong)，＋12V→K1→集成(cheng)(cheng)塊(kuai)①、②腳(jiao)→電源(yuan)負極使K1吸(xi)合；反(fan)之當(dang)SCR1輸入低電平時，集成(cheng)(cheng)塊(kuai)①、②腳(jiao)開路，K1失(shi)電釋放，SCR2～SCR4輸入高電平或低電平時狀態與SCR1相同。

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電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，繼電(dian)器(qi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈兩(liang)端均反相(xiang)并聯(lian)(lian)了(le)(le)一(yi)只二(er)極管，它是用(yong)于保護集(ji)成塊的(de)(de)(de)，切(qie)不(bu)(bu)可省去，否則(ze)在(zai)繼電(dian)器(qi)由吸(xi)合(he)狀態轉(zhuan)為釋放時(shi)，由于電(dian)感的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈上將產生較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)反電(dian)動勢，極容(rong)易導致(zhi)集(ji)成塊擊穿。并聯(lian)(lian)了(le)(le)二(er)極管后，在(zai)繼電(dian)器(qi)由吸(xi)合(he)變(bian)為釋放的(de)(de)(de)瞬(shun)間(jian)，線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈將通過二(er)極管形成短時(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)續流回路(lu)，使線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流不(bu)(bu)致(zhi)突變(bian)，從而(er)避免了(le)(le)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈中(zhong)反電(dian)動勢的(de)(de)(de)產生，確保了(le)(le)集(ji)成塊的(de)(de)(de)安全。

低電壓下繼電器的吸合措施

常(chang)常(chang)因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)吸合(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)而使其(qi)不能正常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)，事(shi)實(shi)上(shang)，繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器一旦吸合(he)(he)，便可(ke)在額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)一半(ban)左右可(ke)靠地工(gong)作(zuo)。因(yin)此，可(ke)以在開始(shi)時(shi)給繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器一個啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)使其(qi)吸合(he)(he)，然后再讓其(qi)在較低的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)工(gong)作(zuo)，如圖所示的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路便可(ke)實(shi)現此目(mu)的(de)(de)。

工作原理：如(ru)圖(tu)所(suo)示。V1為(wei)單結晶(jing)體管BT33C，它與R1、R2、R3和C1組成(cheng)(cheng)一個張弛式振(zhen)蕩器(qi)(qi)，SCR為(wei)單向可控(kong)硅，按(an)(an)下啟動(dong)按(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)AN1后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因為(wei)SCR無觸發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，所(suo)以(yi)不導(dao)通，繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)J不動(dong)作，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)通過R4和VD1給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C2迅(xun)(xun)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)接(jie)(jie)近(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（Vcc-VD1壓降）。同時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)經R1給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C1充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。數秒后，C1上(shang)(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)到(dao)V1的觸發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，C1立即通過V1放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在R3上(shang)(shang)(shang)形成(cheng)(cheng)一個正(zheng)脈沖(chong)，該(gai)脈沖(chong)一路加到(dao)V2基極(ji)，使V2迅(xun)(xun)速飽和導(dao)通，V2集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)也(ye)即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C2正(zheng)極(ji)近(jin)于(yu)接(jie)(jie)地。由于(yu)此(ci)時(shi)(shi)C2上(shang)(shang)(shang)充(chong)有上(shang)(shang)(shang)正(zheng)下負(fu)的正(zheng)極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，所(suo)以(yi)C2負(fu)極(ji)也(ye)即J線圈(quan)一端呈負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位。R3上(shang)(shang)(shang)的正(zheng)脈沖(chong)另一路經VD2、C3去觸發可控(kong)硅導(dao)通，SCR陰極(ji)也(ye)即J線圈(quan)另一端接(jie)(jie)近(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。這時(shi)(shi)，J線圈(quan)實(shi)際上(shang)(shang)(shang)承受(shou)約兩倍(bei)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，所(suo)以(yi)J1－1閉(bi)合，松開AN1后，J1－1自保。J1－2將V1、V2供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)切斷，繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)在接(jie)(jie)近(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下工作。圖(tu)中(zhong)，AN2為(wei)停(ting)止按(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)，按(an)(an)下AN2，J失電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)釋放，J1－1斷開，整個控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路失電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

制(zhi)作本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路時，一(yi)般可取繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)1.5倍(bei)(bei)左右(you)，一(yi)般情況下，任何型(xing)號的(de)(de)單向可控硅(gui)（或雙(shuang)向可控硅(gui)）皆可滿足本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路需(xu)要。V2、C1、C3的(de)(de)耐壓(ya)(ya)視電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)高低選取。C2耐壓(ya)(ya)最(zui)好不(bu)低于電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)兩倍(bei)(bei)。

繼電器的三種附加電路

繼電(dian)器(qi)是電(dian)子電(dian)路(lu)中常用的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)元件(jian)，一(yi)般由(you)晶體管(guan)、繼電(dian)器(qi)等元器(qi)件(jian)組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)子開關驅動電(dian)路(lu)中，往往還要(yao)加(jia)上一(yi)些附加(jia)電(dian)路(lu)以改變(bian)繼電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)特性或(huo)起保護作(zuo)用。繼電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)附加(jia)電(dian)路(lu)主要(yao)有如下三種(zhong)形式：

1.繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)串(chuan)聯RC電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)形式如圖1，這(zhe)種形式主要應(ying)用(yong)于繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的額定工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)閉(bi)合(he)時(shi)，繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)由于自感現象(xiang)會產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢阻(zu)礙線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的增(zeng)大，從而延長了吸(xi)合(he)時(shi)間(jian)，串(chuan)聯上(shang)RC電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)后(hou)則可以縮短吸(xi)合(he)時(shi)間(jian)。原理(li)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)閉(bi)合(he)的瞬間(jian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C兩端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不(bu)能(neng)突變可視(shi)為短路(lu)，這(zhe)樣就將比繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)額定工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)加(jia)到線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)上(shang)，從而加(jia)快了線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流增(zeng)大的速(su)度，使繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)迅(xun)速(su)吸(xi)合(he)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源穩定之后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C不(bu)起作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R起限流作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。

2.繼(ji)電(dian)器并聯RC電(dian)路(lu)：電(dian)路(lu)形式見圖2，電(dian)路(lu)閉(bi)合后，當電(dian)流(liu)(liu)穩定時(shi)RC電(dian)路(lu)不起(qi)作用，斷開電(dian)路(lu)時(shi)，繼(ji)電(dian)器線圈(quan)由于自感(gan)而(er)產生感(gan)應電(dian)動勢，經RC電(dian)路(lu)放電(dian)，使線圈(quan)中電(dian)流(liu)(liu)衰減放慢，從而(er)延長了繼(ji)電(dian)器銜鐵釋放時(shi)間，起(qi)到延時(shi)作用。

3.繼(ji)電(dian)器并聯二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)電(dian)路：電(dian)路形(xing)式(shi)見圖(tu)3，主(zhu)要是為了(le)保護晶(jing)(jing)體管(guan)(guan)等(deng)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)元(yuan)器件。當圖(tu)中晶(jing)(jing)體管(guan)(guan)VT由導(dao)通變為截止(zhi)時(shi)，流(liu)經(jing)繼(ji)電(dian)器線(xian)圈(quan)的(de)電(dian)流(liu)將(jiang)迅速減小，這時(shi)線(xian)圈(quan)會(hui)產生很高的(de)自(zi)感(gan)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)與電(dian)源電(dian)壓(ya)疊加后加在VT的(de)c、e兩極(ji)間，會(hui)使晶(jing)(jing)體管(guan)(guan)擊穿，并聯上二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)后，即可將(jiang)線(xian)圈(quan)的(de)自(zi)感(gan)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)鉗位于(yu)二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)正(zheng)向導(dao)通電(dian)壓(ya)，此值(zhi)硅管(guan)(guan)約(yue)0.7V，鍺管(guan)(guan)約(yue)0.2V，從而避免擊穿晶(jing)(jing)體管(guan)(guan)等(deng)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)元(yuan)器件。并聯二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)時(shi)一定要注意二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)極(ji)性不(bu)可接反，否則容(rong)易(yi)損(sun)壞晶(jing)(jing)體管(guan)(guan)等(deng)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)元(yuan)器件。

無電感式模擬繼電器

圖中，220V電(dian)(dian)(dian)源經負載RL、R1、D1～D4、ZD1，為Q4、Q3在正負半周輪流提供偏(pian)置(zhi)；同時經R3、D5～D8為光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)耦(ou)合器Q1提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。當(dang)前級TTL電(dian)(dian)(dian)路輸出高電(dian)(dian)(dian)平信號時，光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)耦(ou)合器在市電(dian)(dian)(dian)正半周內導通，于是在R5兩端產生(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)降，觸發SCR導通，負載RL得電(dian)(dian)(dian)工作。整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的功能(neng)如(ru)同一只繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，但不會產生(sheng)(sheng)反(fan)向感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，也就避免(mian)了負載被高反(fan)壓(ya)擊穿損壞的可能(neng)。C1、R6為脈沖吸收元件(jian)，R3起限流作用(yong)。

為(wei)避免(mian)RL為(wei)感性負載時，可控硅(gui)的(de)電(dian)壓與光電(dian)耦合器電(dian)源產生的(de)90°相位，該(gai)電(dian)路中光電(dian)耦合器的(de)電(dian)源取自(zi)SCR的(de)陽(yang)極而不直接取自(zi)市電(dian)電(dian)源。

繼電器電路小改進

繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)常安(an)裝在(zai)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)設備的(de)內部，其(qi)工作(zuo)(zuo)狀態不(bu)直觀，筆者將(jiang)其(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)如下圖改進(jin)。在(zai)線圈兩端接發(fa)光二極(ji)管VD1，當控制電(dian)壓為(wei)正時(shi)，三極(ji)管導通，繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)J吸(xi)合，同時(shi)發(fa)光二極(ji)管被(bei)點亮，表明繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)線圈已加上電(dian)源(yuan)。發(fa)光二極(ji)管可裝在(zai)外殼顯眼(yan)之(zhi)處。

二、繼電器的正確使用方法

1、繼電器額定工作電壓的選擇

繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)額(e)定工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)最主(zhu)要的(de)一項技術參數。在(zai)使用繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)，應該首先考(kao)慮所(suo)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(即繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)線圈(quan)所(suo)在(zai)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu))的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)額(e)定工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓應等于所(suo)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。一般(ban)所(suo)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)額(e)定工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)0.86。注意(yi)所(suo)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)工件(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓千(qian)萬不能超過繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)額(e)定工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，否則(ze)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)線圈(quan)容易燒毀。另外，有(you)些集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，例(li)如(ru)NE555電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)是可以直接驅動繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)，而有(you)些集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，例(li)如(ru)COMS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小，需(xu)要加(jia)一級晶體(ti)管(guan)放大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)方可驅動繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，這就應考(kao)慮晶體(ti)管(guan)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)應大于繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)額(e)定工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

2、觸點負載的選擇

觸點負載是指觸點的承受能力。繼電器的(de)(de)觸(chu)點在(zai)轉換時可承(cheng)受一(yi)定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。所(suo)以在(zai)使用繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時，應考慮加(jia)在(zai)觸(chu)點上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和通過觸(chu)點的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不能超過該繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)觸(chu)點負載能力。例如，有一(yi)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)觸(chu)點負載為(wei)28V(DC)×10A，表(biao)明(ming)該繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)觸(chu)點只(zhi)能工作在(zai)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)28V的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路上(shang)，觸(chu)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)10A，超過28V或10A，會(hui)影響繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)正(zheng)常使用，甚至燒毀觸(chu)點。

3、繼電器線圈電源的選擇

這是(shi)(shi)指繼電(dian)器線圈使用的(de)是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)流電(dian)(DC)還是(shi)(shi)交流電(dian)(AC)。通常，初學者在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)電(dian)子(zi)制作活動中，都(dou)是(shi)(shi)采(cai)用電(dian)子(zi)線路(lu)，而電(dian)子(zi)線路(lu)往往采(cai)用直(zhi)流電(dian)源供電(dian)，所以必須是(shi)(shi)采(cai)用線圈是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)流電(dian)壓的(de)繼電(dian)器。樂(le)灌胃和(he)腹腔(qiang)注射實(shi)驗，結(jie)果發現可樂(le)對小鼠精(jing)子(zi)活性和(he)形態有(you)一(yi)定(ding)影響。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)截至(zhi)目前(qian)，仍無法證明飲用碳酸飲料對人體有(you)“殺(sha)精(jing)”效(xiao)果。