芒果视频

簡介

玄妙(miao)觀在(zai)江蘇(su)省蘇(su)州(zhou)市(shi),始建(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)西晉咸寧二(er)年，唐代(dai)稱開(kai)元宮，北宋(song)稱天慶觀，元代(dai)改(gai)今名，曾(ceng)多(duo)(duo)次(ci)毀壞，多(duo)(duo)次(ci)修葺。三清殿(dian)是(shi)(shi)玄妙(miao)觀的(de)(de)正殿(dian)，重建(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)南(nan)(nan)宋(song)淳(chun)熙六年(1179)，是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)長(chang)江以南(nan)(nan)大的(de)(de)木構古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。它既是(shi)(shi)宋(song)代(dai)官式建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)，也表(biao)(biao)現出(chu)地方性建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)特(te)點，是(shi)(shi)研(yan)究宋(song)代(dai)南(nan)(nan)北建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)差(cha)異的(de)(de)重要例證(zheng)。1982年定(ding)為全國(guo)重點文物保護單位。

構造

三清殿(dian)為重檐歇山頂建筑（見大木作），殿(dian)身(shen)面闊七間(jian)(jian)，進深(shen)四間(jian)(jian)，四周加一(yi)圈深(shen)一(yi)間(jian)(jian)的副階(jie)，構成下檐。殿(dian)前有寬五間(jian)(jian)的月臺。

殿(dian)的(de)木構(gou)(gou)部(bu)分屬殿(dian)堂型構(gou)(gou)架(jia)，近似(si)《營造法式》所(suo)載殿(dian)身七間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)副(fu)階(jie)周匝身內(nei)(nei)金箱斗(dou)底(di)槽(cao)構(gou)(gou)架(jia)。構(gou)(gou)架(jia)由上(shang)(shang)(shang)、中、下三層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)重疊而成(cheng)。下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網，沿周邊立兩(liang)圈柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子(zi)，外(wai)圈22柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，內(nei)(nei)圈14柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頂(ding)(ding)架(jia)闌額，連(lian)成(cheng)兩(liang)個相套的(de)同高矩形框(kuang)，形成(cheng)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)槽(cao)。又沿進(jin)深(shen)方向在(zai)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)前后(hou)(hou)四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)架(jia)四道(dao)順(shun)(shun)串(chuan)（即清(qing)式的(de)隨梁枋(fang)），使柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)端縱橫向都連(lian)在(zai)一起。在(zai)四道(dao)順(shun)(shun)串(chuan)的(de)中部(bu)，下面又立四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，形成(cheng)現狀的(de)滿堂柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網。中層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是鋪(pu)(pu)作層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，在(zai)闌額和順(shun)(shun)串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)加(jia)普拍(pai)枋(fang)，枋(fang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)放斗(dou)，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)用兩(liang)朵補間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作，前后(hou)(hou)內(nei)(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)(shun)串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)用三朵補間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作。殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)各(ge)鋪(pu)(pu)作頂(ding)(ding)上(shang)(shang)(shang)架(jia)平枋(fang)，裝設平，形成(cheng)殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為屋頂(ding)(ding)構(gou)(gou)架(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。除兩(liang)山外(wai)，沿各(ge)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)深(shen)在(zai)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之上(shang)(shang)(shang)及中柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)(shun)串(chuan)中點之上(shang)(shang)(shang)（即脊(ji)下）立柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，壓在(zai)鋪(pu)(pu)作上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭枋(fang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)架(jia)梁，形成(cheng)深(shen)12架(jia)前后(hou)(hou)用5柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)6道(dao)穿斗(dou)式草架(jia)。草架(jia)上(shang)(shang)(shang)架(jia)檁，構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)屋頂(ding)(ding)。

蘇州玄妙觀三清殿

概況

殿(dian)四(si)周(zhou)副(fu)(fu)階(jie)在下檐柱上用(yong)四(si)鋪作斗，上承副(fu)(fu)階(jie)梁(liang)架，副(fu)(fu)階(jie)梁(liang)尾均插入殿(dian)身檐柱。

木構部分

三清殿(dian)木構(gou)(gou)部分有幾(ji)點值得注意：①內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)柱(zhu)頭和補(bu)間(jian)鋪作向內(nei)(nei)一(yi)側在(zai)第二(er)跳華以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)用了向上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)斜舉的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang)，前后內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)柱(zhu)間(jian)順串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三朵補(bu)間(jian)鋪作均兩面(mian)(mian)出上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang)，是現存早用于大木作中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang)實例。②《營(ying)造法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》殿(dian)堂型(xing)構(gou)(gou)架的(de)(de)鋪作層柱(zhu)頭斗(dou)(dou)承托明(ming),明(ming)同(tong)(tong)下(xia)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)順串(chuan)(chuan)間(jian)無補(bu)間(jian)鋪作。此殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)前后柱(zhu)間(jian)以順串(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)梁，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)置三朵補(bu)間(jian)鋪作，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)(mian)不(bu)加(jia)明(ming)，直(zhi)接用斗(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)柱(zhu)頭枋(fang)承上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)層屋頂構(gou)(gou)架，與(yu)《營(ying)造法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》做(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，似為(wei)明(ming)官式(shi)(shi)做(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)之(zhi)濫觴。③《營(ying)造法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》殿(dian)堂型(xing)構(gou)(gou)架內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)只沿周邊一(yi)圈有斗(dou)(dou)，整(zheng)個(ge)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)是一(yi)個(ge)橫長的(de)(de)、頂上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)呈頂形(xing)的(de)(de)敞廳(ting)。此殿(dian)在(zai)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)柱(zhu)間(jian)順串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也加(jia)斗(dou)(dou)，把平(ping)截成五段，形(xing)成五個(ge)并列的(de)(de)縱長形(xing)頂小廳(ting)。外槽(cao)平(ping)劃分也和“金(jin)箱斗(dou)(dou)底槽(cao)”小異。④唐、宋殿(dian)堂型(xing)構(gou)(gou)架柱(zhu)子止(zhi)于鋪作之(zhi)下(xia)。此殿(dian)雖(sui)絕大部分如此，但內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)后側中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)四柱(zhu)穿過平(ping)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)伸，后檐(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)六柱(zhu)也直(zhi)抵檐(yan)檁下(xia)。內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)明(ming)、次間(jian)四道順串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)一(yi)朵補(bu)間(jian)鋪作處(chu)各立一(yi)根蜀柱(zhu)。在(zai)這14根柱(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，斗(dou)(dou)都插在(zai)柱(zhu)身上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，顯示(shi)出南方流(liu)行的(de)(de)穿斗(dou)(dou)式(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)架特點。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)述四點中(zhong)(zhong)，后三點都反(fan)映了官式(shi)(shi)做(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)和地方做(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)的(de)(de)差異，兩者出現在(zai)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)座建筑(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)，反(fan)映了它們的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)融合過程。

結構特點

此(ci)殿現(xian)狀為(wei)沿副(fu)階柱(zhu)開門窗(chuang)砌墻。其(qi)門窗(chuang)、墻壁、翼角、瓦件等屢經重(zhong)修，已(yi)不(bu)能反(fan)映宋(song)代風貌。殿內柱(zhu)、天花、草架也多(duo)經抽換更易。另(ling)在內槽(cao)明(ming)、次間四(si)道順串中點(dian)下有四(si)根柱(zhu)，矮于其(qi)他內柱(zhu)，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)原有的(de)還是(shi)(shi)后(hou)加的(de)，還有不(bu)同看法(fa)。殿內槽(cao)有磚砌須彌座，上(shang)(shang)塑三清像，雖經改裝(zhuang)，基(ji)本上(shang)(shang)仍(reng)是(shi)(shi)宋(song)代遺物。