一、什么是雪蓮花？

雪(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)，因其(qi)頂形似蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)，故得(de)名雪(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)，簡(jian)稱(cheng)雪(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)。為菊科、風毛菊屬多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)草本，高(gao)(gao)15-35厘(li)米。雪(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)分(fen)布于中(zhong)(zhong)國多(duo)(duo)地高(gao)(gao)寒(han)地帶，生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)雪(xue)線附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)縫、石壁和冰磺礫石灘(tan)中(zhong)(zhong)，以天(tian)山(shan)(shan)所(suo)產(chan)最多(duo)(duo)，質量(liang)最好，天(tian)山(shan)(shan)雪(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)是已被列入《中(zhong)(zhong)國植物(wu)紅皮書》的(de)(de)(de)雪(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)植物(wu)。雪(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)環境(jing)很惡(e)劣，但正是雪(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)獨有(you)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)存習性和獨特的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)環境(jing)使其(qi)天(tian)然而(er)稀有(you)，并造就(jiu)了它獨特的(de)(de)(de)藥理作用(yong)和藥用(yong)價值。雪(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)產(chan)量(liang)極低(di)，是中(zhong)(zhong)國國家三級瀕危物(wu)種，雪(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)從發芽(ya)到開花(hua)需(xu)要(yao)歷經(jing)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)，其(qi)種子在(zai)零攝(she)(she)氏(shi)度(du)發芽(ya)，三至(zhi)五(wu)攝(she)(she)氏(shi)度(du)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)，幼(you)苗(miao)能夠抵御零下(xia)二十一(yi)攝(she)(she)氏(shi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)溫，實際的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)卻不到兩(liang)個月。就(jiu)在(zai)這短(duan)短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)里，雪(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)憑借著旺盛的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)力(li)，植株高(gao)(gao)度(du)能超過(guo)其(qi)它植物(wu)五(wu)到七倍。

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二、雪蓮花的種類

藏族(zu)老百姓將(jiang)雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)花分為雄(xiong)、雌兩種(zhong)(zhong)，據說雌的(de)可(ke)以(yi)生吃，具有甜味(wei)，雄(xiong)的(de)帶苦味(wei)。而植物分類(lei)學上將(jiang)雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)分為雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)亞(ya)屬和雪(xue)(xue)兔(tu)子亞(ya)屬兩大類(lei)。西(xi)藏產雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)亞(ya)屬13種(zhong)(zhong)，雪(xue)(xue)兔(tu)子亞(ya)屬17種(zhong)(zhong)，共計(ji)30種(zhong)(zhong)。

雪(xue)蓮(lian)花除產西(xi)藏外(wai)，主要分布(bu)在(zai)新疆(jiang)、青藏高(gao)原和(he)云貴高(gao)原一帶(dai)。橫貫新疆(jiang)中部的(de)天山山脈(mo)，冰(bing)峰雪(xue)嶺逶(wei)迤連綿(mian)，海拔(ba)(ba)4000米以上(shang)是終年積(ji)雪(xue)地(di)帶(dai)，被稱為雪(xue)線，雪(xue)蓮(lian)花就生長在(zai)雪(xue)線以下海拔(ba)(ba)3000至4000米的(de)懸崖峭壁(bi)上(shang)。四川、云南也有分布(bu)。

雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)是(shi)(shi)在風(feng)(feng)毛菊(ju)屬里的(de)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)亞(ya)屬。風(feng)(feng)毛菊(ju)屬的(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)很多(duo)，粗略估(gu)計，百八十種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)的(de)，不過(guo)后面(mian)綴(zhui)著‘雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)’二字的(de)只有(you)(you)二十幾種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)有(you)(you)：膜苞雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、腫柄雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、紅柄雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、球花(hua)(hua)(hua)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)、紫苞雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、長(chang)葉雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、木(mu)里雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、鳥(niao)巢(chao)狀雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、鈍苞雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、苞葉雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、褐花(hua)(hua)(hua)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、多(duo)鞘雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、草原雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、毛背雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、唐古特雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、單(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、華中(zhong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、氈毛蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)，最主要的(de)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為棉頭雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)、大苞雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)和水母雪(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)三種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

三、雪蓮花的作用與功效

現在有朋友會食用雪蓮花，雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)花的(de)(de)(de)營養成(cheng)分很(hen)多(duo)，雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)花含有蛋白質、氨(an)基酸、黃酮類(lei)化合物、生物堿等；價值也很(hen)高，很(hen)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)中醫會(hui)用雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)花來調(diao)節疾(ji)病，作(zuo)為(wei)一種很(hen)重要的(de)(de)(de)中藥材，雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)花和其他的(de)(de)(de)中藥進行搭配(pei)，能(neng)夠充分發揮它的(de)(de)(de)一些作(zuo)用的(de)(de)(de)。具有通經活血、散寒除濕(shi)(shi)、止(zhi)血消腫、排體內(nei)毒素等功效。《本草綱目拾遺》載(zai)：雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)“性大熱，能(neng)補精益(yi)陽”；《新疆中草藥》載(zai)：“雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)性溫、微苦(ku)，功能(neng)祛風除濕(shi)(shi)。”雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)在中醫領域有很(hen)多(duo)應用：

1、溫腎(shen)壯(zhuang)陽。用(yong)于(yu)腎(shen)虛陽痿、腰膝(xi)酸軟；用(yong)于(yu)女子(zi)月經(jing)不調、崩漏、帶下。前者(zhe)配伍(wu)冬(dong)蟲夏草泡(pao)酒(jiu)飲(yin)用(yong)，后者(zhe)配伍(wu)峨參、黨參，燉雞(ji)食用(yong)。

2、溫(wen)經(jing)散寒。用于(yu)婦女少(shao)腹冷痛、閉經(jing)、胎衣不下等證。雪(xue)(xue)蓮花15克，加白(bai)酒(jiu)或黃酒(jiu)100毫升，泡7天，每服(fu)10毫升，1日(ri)2次(ci)。 祛(qu)寒化痰。用于(yu)肺寒咳嗽、痰多、色白(bai)。雪(xue)(xue)蓮花全草1-1.5克，研(yan)末沖服(fu)，1日(ri)3次(ci)。

3、祛風(feng)除濕。用于風(feng)濕痹痛，關(guan)(guan)節(jie)曲伸不利。雪蓮(lian)花50克，切段(duan)，白酒500毫(hao)升，浸泡(pao)10天，每(mei)次(ci)10毫(hao)升，1日2次(ci)。或以雪蓮(lian)花注(zhu)射液(ye)肌肉注(zhu)射，每(mei)次(ci)2-4毫(hao)升，對風(feng)濕性關(guan)(guan)節(jie)炎有一定療效(xiao)。

4、?用于雪盲、牙(ya)痛(tong)。雪蓮花6-12克，生吃或水(shui)煎(jian)服(fu)。

5、?用于外傷出(chu)血。雪蓮花適量(liang)，搗爛敷(fu)患處。

雪蓮還(huan)具有美(mei)容功(gong)能，可(ke)加速皮(pi)膚的(de)新(xin)陳代謝，減(jian)少(shao)皺(zhou)紋(wen)，使皮(pi)膚保持光澤(ze)、豐(feng)滿。延緩衰老。并且對面部雀斑、肝(gan)斑等(deng)有良好的(de)療(liao)效(xiao)。

除此之外，雪(xue)蓮還有(you)食用功(gong)能，簡單的(de)直接泡(pao)(pao)水或用于煲湯或泡(pao)(pao)酒，著名(ming)的(de)雪(xue)蓮烏(wu)雞煲、雪(xue)蓮乳(ru)鴿煲、雪(xue)蓮甲(jia)魚湯都有(you)補腎固(gu)本的(de)功(gong)能。

四、雪蓮花的禁忌

雖然雪(xue)蓮(lian)花功能強大(da)，但是(shi)藥三分(fen)毒，雪(xue)蓮(lian)花也有食(shi)用禁(jin)忌(ji)，首先，孕(yun)婦是(shi)禁(jin)止服用雪(xue)蓮(lian)花的(de)(de)，其次，由(you)于雪(xue)蓮(lian)花中含有療(liao)效好而(er)毒性較大(da)的(de)(de)秋(qiu)水(shui)仙堿，而(er)秋(qiu)水(shui)仙堿的(de)(de)毒性較大(da)，能引起(qi)惡心、食(shi)欲(yu)減退、腹脹，嚴(yan)重者(zhe)會出現腸麻痹和便(bian)秘、四肢酸痛等(deng)副作用。

希望(wang)通過這(zhe)篇文章能使(shi)大家對雪蓮(lian)這(zhe)種(zhong)食(shi)(shi)物有了更多的(de)了解和認識(shi)，這(zhe)樣我們平時在生(sheng)活中就能夠(gou)更好的(de)去食(shi)(shi)用，也不會因(yin)為飲食(shi)(shi)不當對身體造成(cheng)傷害(hai)。