松茸的種類
一、按產品狀態分
1、鮮松茸
鮮品包括鮮松茸和冰鮮松茸。鮮松茸指剛采集下來的松茸,此時的松茸營養最為豐富,食用起來也最為鮮美。冰鮮松茸指各種經過保鮮加工后和冷凍工藝處理過的鮮松茸。這樣的凍鮮松茸,雖然采取措施保持松茸的鮮美,但是其所起的保鮮作用有限,其品質和營養與鮮松茸相比有一定差距。另外,因為技術和工藝的不同,不同的冰鮮松茸的品質,有著很大的差異,目前市場上有很多松茸在加(jia)工過(guo)程中(zhong)被注水、染色以及摻(chan)入(ru)大量(liang)的(de)幼(you)茸和老茸,品質良莠不濟。
2、烘干松茸
烘(hong)(hong)干松(song)(song)(song)茸是(shi)將松(song)(song)(song)茸切片放入烘(hong)(hong)干設備中(zhong)烘(hong)(hong)干,制成(cheng)的(de)產品(pin),烘(hong)(hong)干松(song)(song)(song)茸方便攜帶和保(bao)存,在食用前通過溫(wen)水侵泡,食用起來(lai),較為方便。但是(shi),烘(hong)(hong)干產品(pin)一般原(yuan)料等級不高(gao)(gao)。另外,松(song)(song)(song)茸中(zhong)富含(han)的(de)多(duo)種營養(yang)物質(zhi)不耐高(gao)(gao)溫(wen),因(yin)此,在加工過程(cheng)中(zhong),如果溫(wen)度(du)超(chao)過100℃的(de)話,會破壞松(song)(song)(song)茸的(de)部(bu)分活性營養(yang),使得松(song)(song)(song)茸的(de)營養(yang)價值降低,烘(hong)(hong)干松(song)(song)(song)茸屬于松(song)(song)(song)茸產品(pin)鏈(lian)中(zhong)的(de)中(zhong)低端產品(pin)。
3、凍干松茸
凍干(gan)松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)全稱為(wei)真(zhen)空冷凍干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)。它是將新鮮松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)在零下(xia)(xia)170攝氏度的環(huan)境下(xia)(xia),經過真(zhen)空干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)技術生產的干(gan)制松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)。在低溫與真(zhen)空環(huan)境下(xia)(xia),可(ke)以在一定程度上,使(shi)得松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)自(zi)損能量的能力減弱,凍結松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的能量,由此能夠保存(cun)鮮茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的大部分(fen)營養和味(wei)道。
4、其它深加工(gong)產品
近年來,隨著市(shi)場需(xu)(xu)求日益增加,而松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)產量逐年減少,導致松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)價格年年上(shang)漲。為了滿足消費(fei)者的(de)需(xu)(xu)求,很(hen)多(duo)商家開始對松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)進(jin)(jin)行深加工。我國市(shi)場上(shang)松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)漬品(pin),松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)速溶沖(chong)劑,松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)罐頭、醬油、醋等產品(pin)應運(yun)而生。另外,我國松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)保健酒的(de)研究已(yi)有了一定(ding)進(jin)(jin)展,將極大的(de)滿足飲用(yong)者的(de)保健需(xu)(xu)求,而且,松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)提取物,現(xian)在已(yi)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于食(shi)品(pin)飲料生產之中。
二、按生長地區分
我國的松茸主要產自四川、西藏、云南的高原地區,其中四川松茸產量最多,西藏松茸品質最(zui)(zui)佳,云南(nan)松(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)名(ming)氣(qi)最(zui)(zui)大(da),另(ling)在(zai)延邊(bian)和臺灣亦有少量(liang)分布。根據(ju)產量(liang)劃分,我(wo)國(guo)松(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)共(gong)有四大(da)產區(qu),分別是云南(nan)香格(ge)里拉、四川(chuan)(chuan)甘(gan)(gan)孜(zi)州(zhou)雅江、四川(chuan)(chuan)甘(gan)(gan)孜(zi)州(zhou)丹(dan)巴縣(xian)斯(si)達(da)納和四川(chuan)(chuan)阿(a)壩州(zhou)小金(jin),我(wo)國(guo)出產的松(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)多來自這四個地(di)區(qu)。國(guo)外日本也有產松(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)。
1、香格里拉松茸
香(xiang)格(ge)里(li)拉松茸產自(zi)(zi)云南迪慶藏族自(zi)(zi)治州,此地無污(wu)染嚴(yan)重的工(gong)礦企(qi)業(ye),原始生(sheng)態環(huan)境保存(cun)良好,十分適合松茸生(sheng)長(chang)。香(xiang)格(ge)里(li)拉松茸聞名國內(nei)外(wai),是所有品(pin)種(zhong)中體(ti)(ti)型最(zui)大(da)者,一般(ban)可長(chang)至14CM以上,具有菇體(ti)(ti)肥大(da)、肉(rou)質細嫩、久香(xiang)味濃、菌肉(rou)白凈等特點。
2、雅江松茸
由(you)于生(sheng)長環境得天獨(du)厚,雅(ya)江(jiang)松(song)茸具有產量多、個頭大、色澤好、味道香的(de)特點,年產量可高達1000噸,因(yin)而獲(huo)得了“中國(guo)松(song)茸之鄉(xiang)”的(de)稱號,每年都有國(guo)外(wai)商(shang)人不遠千里到雅(ya)江(jiang)收購松(song)茸。
3、斯達納松茸
斯(si)達納松茸(rong)產(chan)自雄偉的斯(si)達納雪山,此(ci)地生態環境良好,植(zhi)物資源十分(fen)豐富(fu),素有“美(mei)人(ren)谷(gu)”之稱(cheng),斯(si)達納松茸(rong)便是其中一種(zhong)珍貴的美(mei)味。
斯(si)(si)達(da)納松茸(rong)風味獨特,口(kou)感滑潤(run),富有彈(dan)性,食后余(yu)香滿口(kou),鮮香別(bie)具(ju)一格。近幾年(nian)隨著斯(si)(si)達(da)納雪山(shan)知名(ming)度的(de)提(ti)高,斯(si)(si)達(da)納松茸(rong)也作為當(dang)地優質特產而(er)聞(wen)名(ming)全國(guo),開始銷(xiao)往各大城市(shi)星級飯(fan)店、大型超市(shi)甚至出口(kou)國(guo)外。
4、小金松茸
小金(jin)松茸(rong)產自四(si)川省西北部的小金(jin)縣,此地(di)位于青藏高(gao)原東部邊緣,氣候干燥(zao),土壤(rang)濕度較低(di),因而孕育出了這一獨特的品種。小金(jin)松茸(rong)色(se)澤(ze)鮮明,體(ti)型(xing)較大,菌(jun)(jun)蓋一般呈褐色(se),菌(jun)(jun)柄呈白色(se),其(qi)菌(jun)(jun)肉白嫩(nen)肥厚(hou),質地(di)細嫩(nen),口(kou)感極佳。