一、步進電機怎么測量好壞

1、上(shang)電能鎖緊(jin)，力矩輸出正常，轉角正確，這個電機(ji)就是(shi)好的(de)，否(fou)則就有問題。

2、斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態下，用(yong)手轉動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸，注意各引(yin)出(chu)線(xian)不要(yao)(yao)短路，好(hao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)應(ying)當阻力均勻，可以用(yong)手轉動。再把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)引(yin)出(chu)線(xian)擰(ning)在一起（短路），此時轉動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸的(de)(de)力矩(ju)就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)標(biao)稱力矩(ju)，也就(jiu)是需要(yao)(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)標(biao)稱力矩(ju)那么大的(de)(de)力矩(ju)才能(neng)轉動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸，否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)就(jiu)是壞的(de)(de)。

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二、步進電機常見故障及處理方法

1、步進電動機運行中失步

當步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)改(gai)變負載運(yun)行(xing)時，如帶(dai)大(da)慣量負載則產(chan)生振(zhen)蕩，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)在某一運(yun)行(xing)頻(pin)率下，起動丟步(bu)(bu)或(huo)停轉滑步(bu)(bu)。造成(cheng)步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)中失(shi)步(bu)(bu)。為(wei)了消除(chu)大(da)慣性(xing)負載引起失(shi)步(bu)(bu)，可(ke)(ke)以采(cai)用機(ji)(ji)械阻尼的方法，用以消除(chu)或(huo)吸收振(zhen)蕩能量；也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以通過加大(da)負載的摩擦力矩(ju)的方法，從而(er)改(gai)善(shan)運(yun)行(xing)特(te)性(xing)，消除(chu)失(shi)步(bu)(bu)。因為(wei)步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)受控于電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖而(er)產(chan)生步(bu)(bu)進運(yun)動，采(cai)取(qu)如上措施能使電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖正常，不受干擾，從而(er)消除(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)中失(shi)步(bu)(bu)。

另一(yi)種失步(bu)可能(neng)是(shi)原采用(yong)雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的而(er)改為單電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，又未采取相應(ying)補救措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，使(shi)起動(dong)(dong)頻率(lv)和(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)頻率(lv)降低，矩(ju)頻特性(xing)(xing)惡化而(er)失步(bu)。當是(shi)此種原因所至，應(ying)重新恢復雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。有些使(shi)用(yong)單位(wei)或部門(men)，為簡化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路采用(yong)單電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機運(yun)(yun)行(xing)失步(bu)，這種做法不(bu)(bu)(bu)當，要知道采用(yong)雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是(shi)為了提(ti)高(gao)(gao)起動(dong)(dong)和(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)兩種頻率(lv)，改善矩(ju)頻特性(xing)(xing)，從而(er)改善了輸(shu)入步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機繞組(zu)中脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的上(shang)升(sheng)沿(yan)和(he)下降沿(yan)。用(yong)單電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，脈(mo)沖穩定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流得(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到維持，步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機功(gong)率(lv)相應(ying)減小，所以(yi)在驅動(dong)(dong)中相當于(yu)容(rong)(rong)量減小而(er)過載，效(xiao)率(lv)降低而(er)失步(bu)。采用(yong)雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，用(yong)高(gao)(gao)低兩套電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，即在步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機繞組(zu)脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通入瞬(shun)間，對其施(shi)(shi)以(yi)高(gao)(gao)壓，強(qiang)迫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流上(shang)升(sheng)加速；池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流達到一(yi)定(ding)值后(hou)，再(zai)改施(shi)(shi)以(yi)低壓，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機正常運(yun)(yun)行(xing)。這種措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅使(shi)驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)容(rong)(rong)量大大減小，同(tong)時也(ye)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了運(yun)(yun)行(xing)效(xiao)率(lv)，改善運(yun)(yun)行(xing)特性(xing)(xing)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機不(bu)(bu)(bu)會失步(bu)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)。

2、控制繞組一相反繞，影響正常運行

當(dang)步進電(dian)動機(ji)不能(neng)正(zheng)常運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)，除上述兩(liang)種原(yuan)因影響速(su)度或(huo)失(shi)步外，可能(neng)是定(ding)了控制繞(rao)組(zu)有一相反(fan)接。當(dang)一相繞(rao)組(zu)反(fan)接，相當(dang)于通電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)方向相反(fan)，電(dian)流(liu)相互抵消，電(dian)動機(ji)在(zai)(zai)此相內無脈沖電(dian)流(liu)，運(yun)行(xing)失(shi)常或(huo)根(gen)本不能(neng)運(yun)行(xing)。在(zai)(zai)通電(dian)情況(kuang)下，檢測三相電(dian)流(liu)就能(neng)發現。檢測出(chu)反(fan)接相后(hou)，將該相繞(rao)組(zu)首末引出(chu)線對調，按正(zheng)確(que)接法接好，再通電(dian)運(yun)行(xing)進行(xing)電(dian)流(liu)的檢測。

3、開路故障

定子控制繞組開路故障，表(biao)現為一(yi)種是(shi)引線(xian)接頭處(chu)斷(duan)或焊(han)接處(chu)全脫焊(han)，或從(cong)某(mou)一(yi)匝中導(dao)(dao)線(xian)折斷(duan)；另一(yi)種情況是(shi)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)將斷(duan)未斷(duan)，如假焊(han)、虛(xu)焊(han)，或有裂紋。

此故障可采用檢(jian)測(ce)普通三相電動(dong)機(ji)斷路方法(fa)來檢(jian)測(ce)，較方便的是用萬用表電阻檔來檢(jian)測(ce)，當指針不動(dong)或電阻很大(da)，說明所檢(jian)測(ce)一相繞組(zu)為開路。

修理(li)方法是找到故障處，將斷(duan)開(kai)兩頭漆(qi)皮刮掉后擰緊再焊(han)牢，包上絕緣。

4、短路故障

步(bu)進電動機定子控制繞組(zu)一般(ban)為(wei)單根導線(xian)繞制的多匝(za)繞組(zu)，短(duan)路(lu)也是匝(za)間短(duan)路(lu)。檢(jian)測方(fang)法主要(yao)分以下兩步(bu):

目測法：凡短路的(de)繞(rao)組因(yin)短路電流大而過熱(re)，繞(rao)組導線絕緣(yuan)層有(you)發黑變脆的(de)糊焦狀，凡有(you)此種情況(kuang)的(de)為故障相(xiang)；

用在通電(dian)(dian)運行狀況(kuang)下，測量(liang)各相電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，凡電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大的相為故障(zhang)相。

故(gu)障相找(zhao)到后(hou)，如(ru)果短路在(zai)端部外層，采用加熱繞(rao)組后(hou)，輕輕撬起短路匝，用薄絕緣(yuan)紙(zhi)墊好，再(zai)壓實，線圈局部加熱，再(zai)刷上1032號(hao)絕緣(yuan)漆后(hou)烘于即可；如(ru)短路嚴重不能(neng)局部修理，只有重繞(rao)線圈換上。

5、擊穿故障

擊(ji)穿故障的繞組(zu)可(ke)目測(ce)出，也可(ke)用兆歐表(biao)搖測(ce)其(qi)絕緣(yuan)電阻，一般擊(ji)穿后繞組(zu)將接地(di)，檢測(ce)相(xiang)絕緣(yuan)電阻為零者(zhe)，說(shuo)明(ming)即(ji)擊(ji)穿又接地(di)。

6、電源裝置故障使步進電動機不能運行

功(gong)率(lv)放(fang)大失靈，門電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)子開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)損壞及計數器(qi)失靈是常發生的。可采用(yong)萬用(yong)表及示波器(qi)等(deng)儀表，對(dui)(dui)照(zhao)線(xian)路(lu)逐(zhu)段檢(jian)測。如測出放(fang)大程序邏輯部分無信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)或信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)弱，說明功(gong)率(lv)驅動(dong)(dong)器(qi)有(you)(you)毛病(bing)，對(dui)(dui)其應(ying)進一步檢(jian)測和排除故(gu)障至有(you)(you)正常信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)；當電(dian)(dian)(dian)子開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)未在起動(dong)(dong)位置，門電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)就(jiu)開(kai)(kai)通(tong)，說明起動(dong)(dong)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)已經(jing)損壞，只有(you)(you)更換合(he)格的開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)；如反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)饋信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)沒有(you)(you)，即反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)饋沒有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值，說明反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)饋環節有(you)(you)故(gu)障，應(ying)檢(jian)測脈沖數選器(qi)及整(zheng)形反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)相環節等(deng)，找(zhao)出毛病(bing)調(diao)整(zheng)至有(you)(you)正常反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為止。當發現電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)順序不對(dui)(dui)，不符合(he)設定(ding)順序，說明環形分配器(qi)失靈，因它(ta)的級數應(ying)等(deng)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的相數，在此情況下(xia)，它(ta)才按規定(ding)邏輯給電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機各相繞組(zu)依次通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，使之順序轉或逆轉。總(zong)之，對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源裝置應(ying)經(jing)常檢(jian)測和調(diao)試，防止故(gu)障出現，影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機正常運行。