吳(wu)氏(shi)著存堂(tang)--河(he)(he)隴(long)(long)(long)吳(wu)氏(shi)著存堂(tang)大(da)宗祠,也稱賀隴(long)(long)(long)老祠。位于河(he)(he)隴(long)(long)(long)村(cun)老寨內中街巷頭,坐(zuo)東北向西(xi)南。肇建(jian)(jian)于清嘉慶年間,以上寨老爺(ye)宮來龍入首,跌宕起伏,盡尾而(er)結(jie),后(hou)埕(cheng)為(wei)生化腦(nao),后(hou)溝(gou)水(shui)環抱繞過(guo)面前(qian),前(qian)掘“水(shui)門(men)仔(zi)”風(feng)水(shui)池,溪邊溪水(shui)逆朝有情,誠為(wei)美(mei)地(di)。 整體建(jian)(jian)筑為(wei)三進(jin)旁門(men)磚瓦木結(jie)構(gou)“臥獅”造型,前(qian)中后(hou)脊俱飛火(huo)星(xing)檐,三山(shan)略去,設(she)倒反(fan)照壁,內設(she)正(zheng)(zheng)殿正(zheng)(zheng)龕(kan),拜亭,灰崗巖石旗桿夾多座,雕(diao)欄畫棟,氣象萬千。嵌瓷、木雕(diao)、石雕(diao)、泥金等(deng)特色工(gong)藝隨處可見(jian)。吳(wu)氏(shi)著存堂(tang)不設(she)旁龕(kan),正(zheng)(zheng)龕(kan)供賀隴(long)(long)(long)(河(he)(he)隴(long)(long)(long))吳(wu)氏(shi)一世天(tian)元公(gong),二世玉昆公(gong)、玉崗公(gong)牌位。
吳氏著(zhu)存堂(tang)為(wei)河(he)隴(long)村吳氏祖(zu)始(shi)(shi)天元公(約1500-1580)家(jia)廟。前因等(deng)級之(zhi)限,漢族不得立(li)祠(ci),至(zhi)明代嘉(jia)靖(jing)“始(shi)(shi)許民(min)間聯宗(zong)立(li)廟”,但不得稱“家(jia)廟”“家(jia)祠(ci)”,可(ke)以“祖(zu)祠(ci)”“宗(zong)祠(ci)”名之(zhi)。自明萬歷始(shi)(shi)至(zhi)清(qing)乾嘉(jia)300年間,河(he)隴(long)吳氏子(zi)孫已播衍15輩(bei)子(zi)孫,人(ren)口近2000。隨著(zhu)勞力物(wu)質不斷發展,亦為(wei)附風雅,族人(ren)乃倡(chang)議建(jian)祠(ci)以祭祖(zu)認宗(zong),命名“吳氏祖(zu)祠(ci)”。
1、秦漢時期
勾踐滅吳(wu)(wu)(wu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)不久(jiu),越國又(you)滅亡(wang),繼續分(fen)析出百(bai)(bai)越諸族(zu)。在(zai)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)亡(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou),王(wang)室各貴(gui)族(zu)分(fen)支為適應生存,混于越人(ren)繼續遷徙(xi),艱(jian)難生存。歷經歲月(yue),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)越人(ren)已難分(fen)清,延陵季(ji)(ji)子(zi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)裔也(ye)不能(neng)幸(xing)免(mian)。隱(yin)忍輾轉(zhuan)至漢代(dai)(dai)(dai),始有季(ji)(ji)札后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)一支蒼頭特立,活躍于嶺南(nan)(nan),代(dai)(dai)(dai)表人(ren)物是吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸(ba)。史料記(ji)載,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸(ba),字子(zi)公,西漢末年陽(yang)山(今(jin)(jin)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)陽(yang)山縣)人(ren)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸(ba)先(xian)世是吳(wu)(wu)(wu)亡(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)遷到(dao)越國的(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)又(you)隨越人(ren)南(nan)(nan)遷的(de)一支。清代(dai)(dai)(dai)《廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)通(tong)(tong)志(zhi)》記(ji)述(shu)了吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸(ba)的(de)生平。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸(ba)年輕時(shi)非常強壯,就任地(di)方軍官。他(ta)曾帶兵駐扎湞(zhen)陽(yang)(今(jin)(jin)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)省英德縣),并(bing)施(shi)行軍屯,招(zhao)攬流民開墾荒地(di),后(hou)(hou)(hou)人(ren)為紀念他(ta)的(de)開發之功,將他(ta)曾駐守的(de)山命名為吳(wu)(wu)(wu)山。后(hou)(hou)(hou)來吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸(ba)又(you)升廣(guang)(guang)(guang)郁(yu)(今(jin)(jin)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)巴(ba)馬、凌云縣一帶)都(dou)尉(wei),負責監視夜郎國。他(ta)的(de)族(zu)人(ren)希望借助(zhu)其勢力遷居廣(guang)(guang)(guang)郁(yu)肥沃之地(di)。被(bei)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸(ba)以擾民為由(you)制止。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸(ba)此舉深為當(dang)地(di)百(bai)(bai)姓敬佩。漢昭帝(di)時(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸(ba)又(you)升任(片羊)(片可)太守,(片羊)(片可)郡大(da)(da)約(yue)在(zai)今(jin)(jin)貴(gui)州省西部(bu),其子(zi)孫后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)極其興(xing)(xing)盛,播遷嶺南(nan)(nan)。《廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)通(tong)(tong)志(zhi)》說,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸(ba)后(hou)(hou)(hou)裔興(xing)(xing)旺,五嶺以南(nan)(nan),特別是廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)一帶的(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)氏大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)是吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸(ba)的(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)。
2、魏晉至唐初
魏(wei)晉后,該支(zhi)吳氏又(you)逐(zhu)步(bu)沒落,不斷與百越(yue)當地俚僚諸族(zu)融會(hui)結合,不斷生存繁衍。嶺南(nan)地域遼闊,中(zhong)央政府(fu)或象征性(xing)設(she)立郡縣州府(fu),實際仍任命(ming)當地土(tu)司酋長(chang)管理,中(zhong)央集權形同虛設(she)。族(zu)群(qun)各自為政,原(yuan)住居民(min)(min)信仰不一,漢俚合會(hui)后,因地理位置(zhi),戰火少及,與中(zhong)原(yuan)政權無爭(zheng),惟同心戮(lu)力,抗擊天災(zai),屬自然生態,自由發(fa)展(zhan),空間甚大,亦為唐末五代(dai)十(shi)國(guo)至宋代(dai)期間中(zhong)原(yuan)移民(min)(min)大潮(chao)創造條件。在習(xi)俗(su)上,逐(zhu)漸受影響,已初(chu)步(bu)具有俚、僚、僮、苗、畬(yu)等百越(yue)民(min)(min)族(zu)各種習(xi)俗(su)的影子。
3、唐朝至明朝
潮陽(yang)自古“省尾國(guo)角(jiao)”,朝廷(ting)時(shi)或鞭長莫及(ji),賀(he)隴(long)一(yi)(yi)屯一(yi)(yi)里,府縣之志必少。西漢末年(nian)(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)亡后(hou)遷(qian)到越國(guo)的吳(wu)(wu)(wu)人又(you)隨越人南(nan)(nan)遷(qian)的一(yi)(yi)支生活于嶺(ling)南(nan)(nan)。 嶺(ling)南(nan)(nan)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)氏至(zhi)(zhi)唐代,已分布于廣(guang)東(dong)潮州、嘉(jia)應、南(nan)(nan)雄等地。唐大(da)歷8年(nian)(nian)(773),嶺(ling)南(nan)(nan)道(dao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)姓先民受(shou)召(zhao)參加剿討循州刺史哥舒晃(huang)。后(hou)受(shou)募墾殖(zhi)銅盂。幾經遷(qian)徙輾轉(zhuan),至(zhi)(zhi)明萬(wan)歷年(nian)(nian)間,天元吳(wu)(wu)(wu)公始定居潮陽(yang)貴山都賀(he)隴(long),為賀(he)隴(long)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)氏一(yi)(yi)世(shi)祖先,開枝散葉。至(zhi)(zhi)清嘉(jia)慶年(nian)(nian)間,子孫乃(nai)集(ji)資肇建(jian)賀(he)隴(long)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)氏著存(cun)堂,共(gong)祭祖先。
賀隴(long)吳氏祖(zu)先甚(shen)遠,由嶺南一支(zhi)可溯至延(yan)陵季子, 世尊泰伯。 家(jia)訓“延(yan)陵世澤,渤海(hai)宗風”誠是也。《廣(guang)東(dong)通志(zhi)》:五嶺以南,特別(bie)是廣(guang)東(dong)一帶的吳氏,多為吳人在吳亡后(hou)(hou),又(you)隨越人南遷之后(hou)(hou)代(dai),不(bu)虛也。
時勢訛誤
一(yi)、延陵(ling)季子后(hou)(hou)裔(yi):季札后(hou)(hou)代在吳(wu)(wu)(wu)國滅(mie)亡(wang)后(hou)(hou),隨越(yue)(yue)人播遷(qian)。至西漢(han)末年,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)霸家族興(xing)起,占據(ju)嶺南一(yi)帶,廣東大部分吳(wu)(wu)(wu)姓為其后(hou)(hou)代。經過歷代兵(bing)戈戰(zhan)亂(luan),饑(ji)荒(huang)災(zai)禍,已經慢(man)(man)慢(man)(man)沒落。為生存需要,與當地(di)(di)(di)俚僚人融合,世(shi)代居(ju)住(zhu)該地(di)(di)(di),為本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)居(ju)民。魏晉至隋(sui)唐(tang),發(fa)展緩慢(man)(man)。明清后(hou)(hou),始迅(xun)猛發(fa)展。史載漢(han)代末年揭(jie)陽人吳(wu)(wu)(wu)碭(dang)(dang),舉孝廉,為安(an)成長(chang)。然(ran)古揭(jie)陽地(di)(di)(di)域寬廣,含漳浦,接(jie)龍(long)川,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)碭(dang)(dang)后(hou)(hou)人及世(shi)系(xi)未(wei)可(ke)詳考,便是一(yi)例(li)。亡(wang)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王室遺民繼續生存,及至唐(tang)宋(song)后(hou)(hou),再與陸(lu)續由福建遷(qian)入之移民融合,歷經發(fa)展,共同(tong)成為本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)主人。但(dan)本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)住(zhu)民居(ju)多,外來遷(qian)入漢(han)人仍為少數,這(zhe)是不爭的事實(shi)。“六指番(fan)”為百越(yue)(yue)土(tu)著,仍欠商榷(que),晚近(jin)有權威遺傳生物學Y染(ran)色(se)體《閩語支人群Y-SNP質譜圖》,仍證實(shi)本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)外來漢(han)人父系(xi)血統(tong)為少數。
二、歷史訛(e)誤:潮汕吳氏(shi)由閩入(ru)潮一說甚盛,皆為好(hao)大喜功及攀附權(quan)貴之流為之。
福建人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)喜(xi)歡冒籍(ji)光(guang)(guang)州(zhou)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)始(shi)(shi)的(de)現(xian)象,自晚唐起,宋代即已盛行(xing)。當(dang)(dang)時(shi)福建各地的(de)大(da)族(zu)(zu)修譜、志(zhi)(zhi)墓(mu),紛紛偽托祖宗自光(guang)(guang)州(zhou)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)始(shi)(shi)來。當(dang)(dang)時(shi)莆田籍(ji)的(de)著(zhu)名(ming)史學(xue)(xue)家(jia)鄭(zheng)樵、文(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)方大(da)琮(cong)(cong)就發(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)這(zhe)一敝俗,著(zhu)文(wen)(wen)揭露(lu)了(le)(le)這(zhe)種(zhong)攀附偽托的(de)惡習,并分(fen)析說(shuo):光(guang)(guang)州(zhou)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)始(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)王(wang)審知在唐末入閩建立了(le)(le)閩國(guo),“以桑梓故(gu),獨優固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)始(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),故(gu)閩人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)至(zhi)今言氏族(zu)(zu)者(zhe)皆云(yun)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)始(shi)(shi)”。說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)這(zhe)種(zhong)敝俗的(de)起因,在于羨慕帝(di)王(wang)的(de)榮(rong)耀,以及(ji)貪(tan)圖取(qu)得帝(di)王(wang)故(gu)里人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)種(zhong)種(zhong)政治(zhi)、經濟特(te)權。可(ke)惜的(de)是(shi),這(zhe)種(zhong)現(xian)象雖(sui)經有(you)識者(zhe)如鄭(zheng)樵、方大(da)琮(cong)(cong)等(deng)的(de)揭露(lu)抨擊,仍相沿不(bu)(bu)替,且(qie)越(yue)演越(yue)烈,明(ming)(ming)末以降,連唐初(chu)就在閩南建立了(le)(le)赫赫功業的(de)“開漳(zhang)(zhang)圣王(wang)”陳元(yuan)(yuan)光(guang)(guang)及(ji)其(qi)一部(bu)分(fen)部(bu)將的(de)后(hou)裔,也不(bu)(bu)能免俗,將祖籍(ji)改為(wei)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)始(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)些情況,在明(ming)(ming)嘉靖時(shi)編成的(de)《龍溪縣(xian)志(zhi)(zhi)》和(he)《廣東通志(zhi)(zhi)》都還得到正(zheng)確的(de)反(fan)映,萬歷之后(hou)漳(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)一帶(dai)的(de)私家(jia)譜牒(die)和(he)據譜牒(die)而書(shu)的(de)方志(zhi)(zhi)才改竄陳元(yuan)(yuan)光(guang)(guang)及(ji)一大(da)部(bu)分(fen)部(bu)屬的(de)祖籍(ji)為(wei)光(guang)(guang)州(zhou)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)始(shi)(shi)。但因作偽者(zhe)學(xue)(xue)識淺(qian)(qian)薄,在有(you)關歷史人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)、職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官、地理、避諱等(deng)方面漏洞百出,時(shi)時(shi)露(lu)出作偽的(de)馬(ma)腳,不(bu)(bu)能取(qu)信于人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),吳氏著(zhu)存(cun)堂天(tian)元(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)牌位(wei)(wei)就是(shi)例子。現(xian)存(cun)天(tian)元(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)牌位(wei)(wei):考(kao)鎮守使(shi)天(tian)元(yuan)(yuan)吳公(gong),妣宜人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)蘇(su)氏。使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一目了(le)(le)然:此事為(wei)民初(chu)所設。蓋考(kao)諸(zhu)明(ming)(ming)代,未(wei)見鎮守使(shi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)銜(xian),妣蘇(su)氏封(feng)(feng)宜人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),正(zheng)五品(pin),亦未(wei)有(you)類似(si)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei)匹配,且(qie)未(wei)嘗(chang)見府縣(xian)志(zhi)(zhi)。民國(guo)廢帝(di)制實行(xing)共和(he),鎮守使(shi)一詞始(shi)(shi)現(xian),按封(feng)(feng)建制度論(lun),恰好符(fu)合條件。亦印證了(le)(le)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)之人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)雖(sui)學(xue)(xue)識淺(qian)(qian)薄,仍擺(bai)脫不(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)作偽的(de)陋習。
至于原系土著蠻獠,后(hou)來漢(han)化(hua)匯入福佬人中的(de)那些家族,他們世居閩(min)粵贛邊,而非南(nan)遷(qian)固始人后(hou)裔,更是不言而喻的(de)。
三、自元末賀(he)隴建寨至清嘉(jia)慶500年間,鄉民(min)無序發展,世系模糊。時因形勢需(xu)要,論(lun)爭無用,紳耆乃經(jing)協商,共(gong)推“著存堂”為(wei)賀(he)隴吳氏(shi)“大宗祠”,世下各(ge)派后可據需(xu)另建私(si)祠,以成一統(tong)。乃至后來有不通(tong)書法(fa)者因各(ge)私(si)祠“吳”字寫法(fa)不同(tong)而(er)臆(yi)測附會頗多,甚而(er)炮制出“賀(he)隴吳氏(shi)來自蘆溪吳駒之下”的(de)“拉郎配”鬧劇。
系下代表
吳(wu)玉崗,吳(wu)氏(shi)著存(cun)堂二世。生年不(bu)詳,卒于1597年(丁酉(you))。明(ming)萬歷年間同知潮陽縣(xian),從六品銜,葬本山公山東(dong)南麓,墓冢(zhong)為文(wen)保單位(wei)。后(hou)人建有“玉崗祖祠(ci)”奉(feng)祀。
吳(wu)至銳(1938-),吳(wu)氏(shi)著存堂十(shi)九世。洋美村人(ren),大學文化,能詩文書(shu)寫。歷當(dang)教師(shi),教研員,縣(xian)鎮領導(dao)。1985年當(dang)潮陽縣(xian)長,1986年任汕(shan)頭商校校長(處級)。1991年起任潮州市委副秘書(shu)長、統(tong)戰部部長、政(zheng)協副主席(xi)。
吳(wu)鵠(1927-2009),吳(wu)氏(shi)著存堂廿一(yi)世。幼年家貧,曾宿三山國(guo)(guo)王(wang)廟(miao)。1941年參加(jia)游(you)擊隊(dui)。歷任華陽山游(you)擊隊(dui)、小北山武工隊(dui)、潮汕(shan)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)抗征隊(dui)潮揭豐邊(bian)獨立大隊(dui)、中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)解放軍閩粵贛邊(bian)縱隊(dui)第(di)二(er)支隊(dui)領導。所屬(shu)部隊(dui)參與(yu)抗擊由(you)有(you)“殺人(ren)(ren)魔王(wang)”稱號的國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)革(ge)命軍暫(zan)五(wu)軍中將喻英奇(qi)。追(zhui)趕由(you)上將胡璉所部國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)革(ge)命軍第(di)12集團(tuan)軍,使其(qi)退守金(jin)門。解放后歷任潮陽縣委(wei)(wei)(wei)常(chang)委(wei)(wei)(wei)。1958年組(zu)織(zhi)萬人(ren)(ren)鋼(gang)鐵師赴梅(mei)縣煉(lian)鋼(gang),任師長兼(jian)政委(wei)(wei)(wei)。2009年(己丑(chou))葬本山高低(di)埠牛皮坦。其(qi)墓冢按明代禮儀,尊古(gu)法由(you)名家營造,為(wei)(wei)三進(jin)階全建石建筑。主碑仍(reng)依當(dang)地(di)習俗鐫刻陰文(wen)“考(kao)太學生(sheng)常(chang)財吳(wu)公,妣(bi)太孺人(ren)(ren)某氏(shi)墓”字樣(yang),明代當(dang)地(di)墓葬習俗得以(yi)體現,頗具(ju)特色。究其(qi)極,則“寸白”法、“生(sheng)老”法及“丁蘭(lan)尺”之應用(yong)無不盡其(qi)極。因年代較為(wei)(wei)晚近(jin),當(dang)地(di)文(wen)保(bao)(bao)部門暫(zan)未入編“文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)(bao)護單位”。