簡介
石(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)被稱(cheng)為(wei)石(shi)城(cheng)(cheng),廣義上它是(shi)如今(jin)南京的(de)別稱(cheng),狹義上它是(shi)指南京老城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)的(de)石(shi)頭(tou)山石(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)。孫權在(zai)石(shi)頭(tou)山修(xiu)建了石(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng),用它作為(wei)保護東吳(wu)(wu)京師建業(ye)的(de)資本(ben);預(yu)備軍(jun)事(shi)石(shi)材,石(shi)材基地多(duo)建造了烽火臺,在(zai)軍(jun)事(shi)上,用來立(li)即發出報(bao)警信號。后(hou)來,金(jin)將軍(jun)王俊率(lv)海(hai)軍(jun)進攻(gong)東吳(wu)(wu),東吳(wu)(wu)家連鎖橫江塊,晉軍(jun)斷鏈。導致石(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)失守,不得(de)人心的(de)國王孫皓趕緊(jin)投降。劉禹(yu)錫有詩詠和事(shi):“王濬樓船下益州,金(jin)陵王氣黯然收。”
后來,長(chang)江已(yi)逐漸(jian)西遷,并在(zai)石頭(tou)城(cheng)的(de)(de)河流泥沙的(de)(de)沉積,變得(de)平坦。石頭(tou)城(cheng)不(bu)再是這么危(wei)險。朱(zhu)園建設天(tian)府(fu)石頭(tou)城(cheng)市為天(tian)府(fu)市的(de)(de)一部(bu)分。石頭(tou)山(shan)如今是涼爽的(de)(de)山(shan)區。這是在(zai)西方的(de)(de)河,是一條河天(tian)然石材的(de)(de)影響。建造石頭(tou)城(cheng),天(tian)然石材是城(cheng)市的(de)(de)墻的(de)(de)一部(bu)分。
歷史沿革
石頭(tou)城全長約3000米 ,筑于楚威王七(qi)年(nian)(前333年(nian))。東(dong)漢建安十六年(nian)(211年(nian)),吳國孫權遷至秣陵(今(jin)南京),在石頭(tou)山金陵邑原址(zhi)筑城,取名石頭(tou)。扼守長江險要,為兵家必爭之(zhi)地,有石城虎踞之(zhi)稱(cheng)。
在南京(jing)的清(qing)涼山西麓(lu),自(zi)虎踞關龍蟠(pan)里(li)石頭城(cheng)門(men)到草場門(men),可以看到城(cheng)墻逶迤(yi)雄(xiong)峙,石崖聳立,這就(jiu)是(shi)依山而筑的石頭城(cheng)。同(tong)治《上江兩縣志.山考》載:“自(zi)江北以來,山皆無(wu)石,至此山始有石,故名。”《建康志》也(ye)(ye)說:“山上有城(cheng),又名曰石城(cheng)山。”這里(li)所說的“城(cheng)”,也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)石頭城(cheng)。
關于(yu)(yu)石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)由(you)來,要(yao)追(zhui)溯到(dao)兩千多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)代。據史書記(ji)載,周(zhou)(zhou)顯王三十六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元前(qian)(qian)(qian)333年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),楚國(guo)(都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郢,即今(jin)湖北(bei)(bei)江(jiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling))滅了(le)越國(guo)(都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)吳(wu),即今(jin)蘇州),楚威王設(she)置金陵(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi),并(bing)在(zai)(zai)今(jin)清(qing)涼(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)上筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。秦(qin)始皇二(er)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元前(qian)(qian)(qian)223年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),楚國(guo)滅亡,秦(qin)改金陵(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)為(wei)秣(mo)(mo)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)縣。相(xiang)傳三國(guo)時(shi),諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮在(zai)(zai)赤(chi)壁之戰(zhan)(zhan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)夕,出使東吳(wu),與孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)共商破曹大計(ji)。據說,諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮途經秣(mo)(mo)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)縣時(shi),特地騎馬到(dao)石(shi)頭山(shan)(shan)(shan)觀察山(shan)(shan)(shan)川形(xing)勢。他看到(dao)以(yi)鐘山(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)首的(de)(de)(de)(de)群山(shan)(shan)(shan),像蒼龍(long)(long)一(yi)般蜿蜒蟠伏(fu)于(yu)(yu)東南(nan)(nan)(nan),而以(yi)石(shi)頭山(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)終點的(de)(de)(de)(de)西部諸(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan),又像猛虎似地雄踞(ju)在(zai)(zai)大江(jiang)之濱,于(yu)(yu)是發(fa)出了(le)“鐘山(shan)(shan)(shan)龍(long)(long)蟠,石(shi)頭虎踞(ju),真乃帝王之宅(zhai)也(ye)(ye)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)贊(zan)嘆,并(bing)向孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)建(jian)議遷都(dou)秣(mo)(mo)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)。 孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)在(zai)(zai)赤(chi)壁之戰(zhan)(zhan)后,遷移到(dao)秣(mo)(mo)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(今(jin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)京(jing)),并(bing)改稱秣(mo)(mo)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)建(jian)業。第二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)就在(zai)(zai)清(qing)涼(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)原有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基上修建(jian)了(le)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。當時(shi)長江(jiang)就從清(qing)涼(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)下流過,因(yin)而石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)地位十分突出,孫(sun)吳(wu)也(ye)(ye)一(yi)直將此(ci)處(chu)作(zuo)為(wei)最主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)基地。此(ci)后數百年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間,這里(li)(li)(li)成為(wei)戰(zhan)(zhan)守的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)重鎮,南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭,往往以(yi)奪取石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)決定勝(sheng)負。 石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)清(qing)涼(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西坡天然峭(qiao)(qiao)壁為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基,環山(shan)(shan)(shan)筑造(zao),周(zhou)(zhou)長“七里(li)(li)(li)一(yi)百步(bu)”,相(xiang)當于(yu)(yu)如今(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)六里(li)(li)(li)左右。北(bei)(bei)緣大江(jiang),南(nan)(nan)(nan)抵秦(qin)淮河口,南(nan)(nan)(nan)開(kai)二(er)門,東開(kai)一(yi)門,南(nan)(nan)(nan)門之西為(wei)西門,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)依(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)傍水(shui)(shui),夾淮帶江(jiang),險固(gu)現時(shi)勢威。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內設(she)置有石(shi)頭庫、石(shi)頭倉,用以(yi)儲軍(jun)(jun)(jun)糧和兵械。在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)(de)(de)(de)高處(chu)筑有報警的(de)(de)(de)(de)烽火(huo)臺,可以(yi)隨時(shi)發(fa)出預報敵軍(jun)(jun)(jun)侵(qin)犯的(de)(de)(de)(de)信號。至南(nan)(nan)(nan)朝時(shi),石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)為(wei)保衛(wei)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)要(yao)塞的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位依(yi)舊未(wei)變。 古代長江(jiang)繞清(qing)涼(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)麓(lu)東去,巨浪時(shi)時(shi)拍擊山(shan)(shan)(shan)壁,將山(shan)(shan)(shan)崖沖(chong)刷成峭(qiao)(qiao)壁。隋文帝滅陳、平毀(hui)建(jian)康城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后,在(zai)(zai)石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)置蔣(jiang)州,唐代初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)揚州大都(dou)督府,石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)隋朝和初唐時(shi)是南(nan)(nan)(nan)京(jing)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)中心。
唐代以(yi)后江(jiang)水(shui)日漸西移,自唐武(wu)德八年(625年)后,石頭(tou)城(cheng)便(bian)開始廢棄(qi),故中唐詩人劉禹錫作《石頭(tou)城(cheng)》一詩云(yun):“山圍故國周遭在,潮(chao)打空城(cheng)寂寞(mo)回。淮水(shui)東邊舊(jiu)時(shi)月,夜(ye)深還過女墻來(lai)。”詩人筆(bi)下的(de)石頭(tou)城(cheng),已(yi)是(shi)一座荒蕪寂寞(mo)的(de)“空城(cheng)”了。五(wu)代時(shi)期(qi)(924年)。石頭(tou)城(cheng)上興建了第一座寺廟——興教(jiao)寺,以(yi)后這里(li)就成為寺廟、書院集中的(de)風景名(ming)勝區了。直到今天,它仍以(yi)“石城(cheng)虎踞”的(de)雄姿享譽中外。
據地質(zhi)學研究,這(zhe)里的(de)(de)巖(yan)層是距今大約1億年到7000萬年前的(de)(de)晚(wan)白堊紀的(de)(de)浦口組地層, 在清涼(liang)門到草場(chang)門之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)城(cheng)墻下面,有(you)(you)一(yi)塊突(tu)出的(de)(de)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)石(shi)壁,長約6米(mi),寬3米(mi),因為長年風化,礫石(shi)剝落,坑(keng)坑(keng)洼(wa)洼(wa),斑(ban)斑(ban)點點,中間(jian)還(huan)雜有(you)(you)紫黑相間(jian)的(de)(de)巖(yan)塊,怪石(shi)嶙峋,遠(yuan)看隱約可見耳目口鼻,酷似一(yi)副(fu)猙獰(ning)的(de)(de)鬼臉(lian)(lian),被稱為“鬼臉(lian)(lian)城(cheng)”。南(nan)京(jing)民間(jian)中有(you)(you)關(guan)鬼臉(lian)(lian)城(cheng)的(de)(de)傳說(shuo)很多(duo)。相傳這(zhe)塊巖(yan)石(shi)原來猶如(ru)刀削一(yi)般,光滑如(ru)境。如(ru)今在鬼臉(lian)(lian)城(cheng)西側確有(you)(you)一(yi)處清亮的(de)(de)池塘,從水面的(de)(de)一(yi)側可以(yi)看到鬼臉(lian)(lian)城(cheng)的(de)(de)倒影(ying),老(lao)南(nan)京(jing)人俗(su)稱之(zhi)為“鬼臉(lian)(lian)照鏡子(zi)”。
這一(yi)神(shen)奇的傳說,吸引了(le)無數的中外游人(ren)。石頭城遺址已被列為(wei)江蘇省重點(dian)文物保(bao)護單位,成為(wei)人(ren)們踏(ta)青覓翠(cui)、發思古之幽情的好去處。
南京石頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基因就自(zi)然(ran)山巖鑿成(cheng),中段有(you)(you)(you)幾塊蕩(dang)紅(hong)色砂礫巖因經古(gu)時(shi)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)沖(chong)刷(shua)而凹(ao)凸不(bu)(bu)平,有(you)(you)(you)如(ru)獸面(mian),故(gu)俗稱(cheng)鬼臉城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。石頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周長(chang)約(yue)3000米,南面(mian)開(kai)2門,東面(mian)開(kai)1門,西北因緊(jin)靠(kao)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang),故(gu)不(bu)(bu)設城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門。當時(shi),石頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為孫吳(wu)水(shui)師的(de)(de)總部(bu),江(jiang)(jiang)泊常有(you)(you)(you)上(shang)千艘船只。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內建有(you)(you)(you)石頭(tou)倉庫,用來儲存糧食、兵(bing)器等物資。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西最(zui)高處還(huan)建有(you)(you)(you)孫吳(wu)的(de)(de)烽(feng)火臺。據說一旦發現敵(di)情,在烽(feng)火臺一舉烽(feng)火,半日內即可傳(chuan)遍長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)沿線。石頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地勢(shi)險峻,自(zi)古(gu)就有(you)(you)(you)“石城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)虎踞”之(zhi)稱(cheng)。以(yi)后(hou)由于長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)河道(dao)逐漸西移,石頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)軍(jun)事價值有(you)(you)(you)所減弱。明代朱元璋(zhang)定都(dou)南京后(hou),于洪武二(er)年(nian)興建城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻,此處石頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)便成(cheng)了南京城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)(de)一部(bu)分。如(ru)今石頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)已是聞名中外的(de)(de)歷史(shi)古(gu)跡,也是南京重要的(de)(de)旅游勝(sheng)地之(zhi)一。
在南(nan)京石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西,景色(se)(se)清(qing)(qing)幽,有“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市山(shan)林”之稱。清(qing)(qing)涼山(shan)上,名勝古跡隨(sui)處(chu)可(ke)尋(xun),有“駐(zhu)馬坡”、“南(nan)唐古井”、“清(qing)(qing)涼寺(si)”、“崇正(zheng)書院”及“掃葉樓”等。石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在清(qing)(qing)涼山(shan)后,南(nan)北全長約(yue)3000米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基遺跡為(wei)赭紅色(se)(se),內(nei)有大量河光石(shi),一般高出地表0.3-0.7米(mi),最高處(chu)為(wei)17米(mi),系自然山(shan)巖鑿成。東(dong)晉義熙(xi)年(nian)間(405-418)加磚(zhuan)累(lei)甓,明洪武二年(nian)(1369年(nian))石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)應天(tian)府城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(今南(nan)京)的(de)一部分重加修建。交通:乘游4路(lu),6、21、23、60、75、91、302路(lu)車可(ke)達。
公園建設
1990年,南(nan)京市在石頭城(cheng)的舊址上興(xing)建了石頭城(cheng)公園。公園以(yi)“石城(cheng)懷古(gu)”為主題,將石頭城(cheng)的悠久(jiu)歷史與自(zi)然山(shan)水有(you)機結合,將古(gu)代(dai)戰場與現代(dai)國防教育(yu)融為一體(ti),規劃總面積近16.94公頃(qing), 以(yi)古(gu)城(cheng)墻為軸線,體(ti)現歷史文化古(gu)都的特色。北(bei)起清(qing)涼(liang)山(shan)體(ti)校,南(nan)至清(qing)涼(liang)門,西(xi)臨古(gu)城(cheng)墻,東到虎踞路。
石頭城又稱(cheng)“鬼(gui)(gui)臉(lian)(lian)城”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三國東吳時期(qi)孫權在(zai)赤(chi)壁(bi)之戰后, 于公(gong)元(yuan)211年將首(shou)府由(you)京(jing)口(kou)(今鎮江)遷至(zhi)秣陵(今南京(jing)),利用清涼山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天然石壁(bi)建立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍事要塞(sai)(sai),地勢(shi)險要,氣勢(shi)雄偉,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歷史(shi)滄(cang)桑(sang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實物見(jian)證。站于此地,最能領會劉(liu)禹(yu)錫《西(xi)塞(sai)(sai)山懷古》和譽為(wei)登臨之絕唱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王安石《桂枝香(xiang)》-金陵懷古詞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意境。“鬼(gui)(gui)臉(lian)(lian)照(zhao)鏡(jing)子” 是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一個在(zai)歷史(shi)上即聞名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)點,因在(zai)城墻中(zhong)部有(you)一塊突出墻體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橢圓形石壁(bi),遠看隱(yin)約(yue)可見(jian)耳目口(kou)鼻(bi),酷似一副鬼(gui)(gui)臉(lian)(lian),因此被稱(cheng)為(wei)“鬼(gui)(gui)臉(lian)(lian)”,“鬼(gui)(gui)臉(lian)(lian)” 下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這面水塘(tang)” 鏡(jing)” 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面積有(you)1600多平方(fang)米。公(gong)園重修時,著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燕王河景(jing)觀(guan)也從(cong)歷史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆(fu)蓋中(zhong)清理(li)出來(lai),重見(jian)天日(ri),成為(wei)一條兩岸(an)郁郁蔥蔥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清流。不(bu)論(lun)遠觀(guan)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就近審(shen)視(shi),城墻垂(chui)柳,碧水綠樹,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一方(fang)絕佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)致。
石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)園(yuan)劃(hua)分為國防春曉、石(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)霽(ji)雪(xue)和(he)山(shan)居秋瞑三大景(jing)區(qu),設21個景(jing)點。石(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)霽(ji)雪(xue)區(qu)位于公(gong)園(yuan)的(de)西(xi)側,北至清涼(liang)(liang)山(shan),南至清涼(liang)(liang)門,沿古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻呈帶狀分布,是石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)園(yuan)的(de)精華所在, 是金陵四十(shi)八景(jing)之(zhi)一。而山(shan)居秋瞑區(qu)在公(gong)園(yuan)東側的(de)山(shan)林(lin)地帶,植被(bei)濃密,生(sheng)機盎然,留連其中,可感(gan)受(shou)到盛唐時代(dai)著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)詩(shi)人王維那首(shou)著(zhu)名(ming)田園(yuan)詩(shi)的(de)意境:空山(shan)新雨后,天氣晚來秋。 明月松間照(zhao),清泉石(shi)(shi)上流(liu)。竹喧(xuan)歸(gui)浣女,蓮動下漁(yu)舟。隨意春芳歇,王孫自可留。清涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)和(he)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一帶有(you)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市山(shan)林(lin)”之(zhi)美稱,雨后秋清氣爽(shuang)的(de)日子游覽,當會感(gan)覺(jue)名(ming)不虛傳,不復(fu)有(you)元代(dai)薩都剌(la)《登石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》一詞的(de)凄楚與傷感(gan)。
跨過虎(hu)踞路,清涼(liang)山公園與之遙相呼(hu)應,一雄(xiong)渾壯闊,一寧靜深沉,互為映(ying)襯。