主要建筑
正陽門城樓
門(men)(men)(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)坐(zuo)落(luo)在(zai)磚砌城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)(shang),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)(shang)窄下(xia)(xia)寬,有(you)(you)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)收(shou)分(fen),寬95米(mi)(mi)(mi),厚31.45米(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)(gao)(gao)14.7米(mi)(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)南(nan)北(bei)上(shang)(shang)沿(yan)各(ge)有(you)(you)1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)宇墻,占地(di)3047平方米(mi)(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)(shang)以(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚海墁。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)為灰筒瓦(wa)綠琉璃剪邊重檐(yan)(yan)(yan)歇山三(san)滴水樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)閣式建筑,樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)脊飾龍頭獸吻,每面(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)、老檐(yan)(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)和(he)金柱(zhu)三(san)層柱(zhu)子(zi),朱紅梁柱(zhu),金花彩繪,樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)下(xia)(xia)四(si)面(mian)(mian)均設門(men)(men)(men),面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)七間(jian),進深三(san)間(jian),上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)設回(hui)廊,上(shang)(shang)層前后(hou)裝(zhuang)菱花格隔(ge)扇(shan)門(men)(men)(men)窗,下(xia)(xia)層為朱紅磚墻,明(ming)間(jian)及兩(liang)側正面(mian)(mian)各(ge)有(you)(you)實榻(ta)大門(men)(men)(men)一座。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)兩(liang)端(duan)沿(yan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻內側設斜坡馬道(dao)以(yi)通上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)。通面(mian)(mian)寬41米(mi)(mi)(mi),通進深21米(mi)(mi)(mi),樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)身寬36.7米(mi)(mi)(mi),深16.5米(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)(gao)(gao)27.3米(mi)(mi)(mi),整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)通高(gao)(gao)(gao)43.65米(mi)(mi)(mi),為老北(bei)京所有(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)中最高(gao)(gao)(gao)者。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)外(wai)(wai)側重檐(yan)(yan)(yan)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)懸掛木(mu)質大門(men)(men)(men)匾。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)洞為拱券(quan)式,開在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)正中,五伏五券(quan),內券(quan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)9.49米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬7.08米(mi)(mi)(mi),外(wai)(wai)券(quan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)6.29米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬6米(mi)(mi)(mi)。
箭樓
正(zheng)陽門的(de)(de)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)樓是最(zui)能體現古代軍(jun)事(shi)防(fang)御思想和技術水平(ping)的(de)(de)建筑,為(wei)一(yi)磚砌(qi)堡壘式(shi)建筑,雄踞于(yu)磚砌(qi)城臺之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)。城臺高約12米(mi)(mi)(mi),上(shang)(shang)窄下(xia)寬(kuan),亦(yi)(yi)有明顯收分。城臺正(zheng)中辟券門,與城門相(xiang)對,五伏五券,門洞內設"千斤閘(zha)",南側寬(kuan)10米(mi)(mi)(mi),北(bei)側寬(kuan)12.4米(mi)(mi)(mi),占地面積2147平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)(mi)。箭(jian)(jian)(jian)樓上(shang)(shang)下(xia)四層(ceng)(ceng),樓頂為(wei)灰(hui)筒(tong)綠(lv)琉璃剪(jian)邊重(zhong)檐歇山式(shi),飾綠(lv)琉璃脊獸。南、東、西三面辟箭(jian)(jian)(jian)窗,以(yi)作對外(wai)防(fang)御(射擊)之(zhi)用,南面四層(ceng)(ceng),每層(ceng)(ceng)13孔(kong),東、西各四層(ceng)(ceng),每層(ceng)(ceng)4孔(kong),連抱廈(sha)2孔(kong),共辟86孔(kong)。箭(jian)(jian)(jian)樓的(de)(de)結構為(wei)前樓后廈(sha),面闊(kuo)七(qi)間(jian),寬(kuan)62米(mi)(mi)(mi),進深(shen)20米(mi)(mi)(mi);北(bei)出抱廈(sha)廡座,面闊(kuo)五間(jian),寬(kuan)42米(mi)(mi)(mi),進深(shen)12米(mi)(mi)(mi),整(zheng)座樓通高35.37米(mi)(mi)(mi)。在明清(qing)北(bei)京城垣的(de)(de)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)樓中,唯(wei)正(zheng)陽門箭(jian)(jian)(jian)樓辟門,亦(yi)(yi)最(zui)為(wei)高大雄偉(wei)。形式(shi)比(bi)較獨特,一(yi)直被看成是老北(bei)京的(de)(de)象(xiang)征。
甕城
箭樓(lou)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓(lou)之(zhi)間為甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為長(chang)方形,南(nan)北長(chang)108米(mi)(mi),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)寬88.65米(mi)(mi),東(dong)北、西(xi)(xi)北兩(liang)內角(jiao)(jiao)為直角(jiao)(jiao),東(dong)南(nan)、西(xi)(xi)南(nan)兩(liang)外(wai)角(jiao)(jiao)為抹角(jiao)(jiao),甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)將(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓(lou)、箭樓(lou)和(he)兩(liang)座(zuo)閘(zha)樓(lou)連(lian)接(jie)起來。甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高(gao)度相同(tong)(高(gao)約11.36米(mi)(mi)),略窄些(xie),內為土墻(qiang)心外(wai)甃大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)。上(shang)頂甬道海墁城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan),外(wai)側(ce)(ce)筑(zhu)雉堞,內側(ce)(ce)筑(zhu)女兒墻(qiang),內有(you)空場。甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四面各開(kai)辟拱券式門洞一座(zuo),東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)、南(nan)為吊(diao)落式閘(zha)門。北門在(zai)宏偉的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)之(zhi)下(xia),南(nan)門在(zai)高(gao)大(da)的箭樓(lou)之(zhi)下(xia),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)門則在(zai)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)正中的閘(zha)樓(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)。
甕城(cheng)內,城(cheng)樓南側靠北(bei)門(men)兩側,建(jian)有關(guan)(guan)帝廟(miao)、觀音(yin)廟(miao)各一座,關(guan)(guan)帝廟(miao)居西(xi),觀音(yin)廟(miao)居東,均為(wei)南向,一層殿宇(yu)、兩側廡廊,規模較(jiao)小。但兩廟(miao)的(de)(de)香火很旺。明清(qing)(qing)時(shi),北(bei)京(jing)內城(cheng)的(de)(de)九座城(cheng)門(men)甕城(cheng)內,全部(bu)依(yi)例建(jian)有廟(miao)宇(yu),除德勝門(men)和安定(ding)門(men)供(gong)(gong)奉(feng)真武大(da)帝外,余均供(gong)(gong)奉(feng)關(guan)(guan)帝,以(yi)(yi)祈護國佑(you)民。然而九門(men)之(zhi)中,以(yi)(yi)正陽門(men)關(guan)(guan)帝廟(miao)規模最大(da),傳說其中關(guan)(guan)羽的(de)(de)塑(su)像(xiang)原系(xi)明朝內廷所供(gong)(gong)奉(feng),因此香火一直興盛(sheng)。明清(qing)(qing)時(shi)期正陽門(men)關(guan)(guan)帝、觀音(yin)兩廟(miao),曾留下了許多奉(feng)祀(si)、紀事(shi)的(de)(de)碑刻(ke)(ke)、詩文,是研究(jiu)北(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)垣建(jian)設史和社會文化史珍貴的(de)(de)石刻(ke)(ke)文獻。
甕城東西兩側(ce)建(jian)有閘樓,閘樓面闊三(san)間,灰筒瓦綠琉璃瓦剪(jian)邊,歇山(shan)小式屋頂,外側(ce)辟箭窗兩排(pai)共12孔,下設閘門以(yi)通行人。
雉堞和女兒墻
雉堞(die)和(he)女(nv)(nv)(nv)兒(er)墻是沿城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)上頂(ding)內外修筑的矮垣(yuan)墻。雉堞(die)位于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂(ding)外側,筑為(wei)(wei)(wei)齒(chi)狀,起盾(dun)牌(pai)作用(yong),以(yi)保護守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe)免遭敵人攻(gong)擊。女(nv)(nv)(nv)兒(er)墻亦稱女(nv)(nv)(nv)墻,為(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂(ding)內側修筑的矮垣(yuan)墻,作用(yong)是攔擋守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe),免于(yu)摔下。老北京(jing)內城(cheng)(cheng)雉堞(die)高為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.9米(mi),寬為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.5米(mi),厚(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.75米(mi),其(qi)間(jian)(jian)距在0.5~0.8米(mi)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)。外墻雉堞(die)高1.3米(mi),寬約1.2米(mi),厚(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.5米(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右,其(qi)間(jian)(jian)距在0.5米(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右,內外城(cheng)(cheng)共有雉堞(die)20772個。雉堞(die)都是用(yong)白(bai)灰(hui)漿(jiang)、大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)磚砌(qi)成(cheng)。平頂(ding),四側四棱見角,非常(chang)牢固。女(nv)(nv)(nv)兒(er)墻高約1.2米(mi),厚(hou)約0.75米(mi),以(yi)白(bai)灰(hui)漿(jiang)、大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)磚沿城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)形(xing)制砌(qi)成(cheng),上頂(ding)一般砌(qi)成(cheng)饅頭(tou)頂(ding)或是泥鰍背頂(ding)。正陽門與內城(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)它八門一樣,城(cheng)(cheng)臺外側建雉堞(die),內側建女(nv)(nv)(nv)墻,規制亦與城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)相同。
馬道
馬道是供守城(cheng)部(bu)隊上(shang)下城(cheng)用的(de)專(zhuan)用斜(xie)道,它附貼在(zai)城(cheng)墻(qiang)內側墻(qiang)體上(shang),坡度約十五度到三十度之間,馬道寬約四、五米(mi),斜(xie)道外側砌筑一道矮墻(qiang)。
內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)共有(you)二十七對(dui)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao),每(mei)對(dui)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)呈(cheng)內(nei)(nei)八字(zi)形或外八字(zi)形,從(cong)左右(you)兩(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)都可以(yi)(yi)到達(da)城(cheng)頂。正陽門設有(you)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)條(tiao)(tiao),均在月(yue)城(cheng)內(nei)(nei)緊貼城(cheng)垣(yuan)內(nei)(nei)壁而(er)筑,分別通(tong)向城(cheng)樓與(yu)(yu)箭(jian)樓(今已廢)。建(jian)筑方法是(shi)將馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)土(tu)(tu)心(xin)(xin)與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)垣(yuan)土(tu)(tu)心(xin)(xin)夯(hang)為一(yi)整體(ti),另一(yi)側(ce)以(yi)(yi)白(bai)灰漿、大城(cheng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)(qi)(qi)成一(yi)米(mi)厚(hou)的磚(zhuan)(zhuan)層(ceng),成為馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)的外包皮磚(zhuan)(zhuan)層(ceng)。在這層(ceng)外包皮磚(zhuan)(zhuan)上,與(yu)(yu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)斜面平行砌(qi)(qi)(qi)起一(yi)道(dao)(dao)矮墻,其長(chang)與(yu)(yu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)斜面同,寬約(yue)0.75米(mi)、高(gao)約(yue)1.2米(mi),稱(cheng)為馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)扶手墻。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)土(tu)(tu)心(xin)(xin)部分是(shi)以(yi)(yi)黃土(tu)(tu)夯(hang)成,其上再夯(hang)筑一(yi)層(ceng)約(yue)50厘米(mi)的三合土(tu)(tu),再上以(yi)(yi)大城(cheng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)立砌(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)層(ceng),成"礓碴"式馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)面。
鋪舍
鋪(pu)舍(she)是(shi)城垣頂上(shang)駐軍(jun)值班房(fang)(fang),供守(shou)城兵士休息或堆放守(shou)城武器等(deng)物之用。明(ming)代稱為鋪(pu)舍(she)房(fang)(fang),清代稱堆撥(bo)(bo)房(fang)(fang)。基本上(shang)是(shi)每座"馬(ma)(ma)面(mian)"之后的(de)(de)城垣頂上(shang)即筑有一所(suo)(suo)(suo),面(mian)闊三間(jian),進深一間(jian),為硬山式。陳(chen)宗藩《燕都(dou)叢考》中(zhong)記(ji)述:內城垣上(shang)有"旗炮房(fang)(fang)九所(suo)(suo)(suo)",分布(bu)在九座城門樓(lou)(lou)旁(pang),"堆撥(bo)(bo)房(fang)(fang)一百三十五所(suo)(suo)(suo),儲火藥房(fang)(fang)九十六所(suo)(suo)(suo)";外城垣上(shang)有"堆撥(bo)(bo)房(fang)(fang)四十三所(suo)(suo)(suo)"。所(suo)(suo)(suo)記(ji)雖(sui)為清代末年的(de)(de)情況,數字(zi)上(shang)也可能有所(suo)(suo)(suo)出入,但(dan)可表明(ming)其存(cun)在和(he)作用,因為清代對于城垣設施是(shi)沿循明(ming)制的(de)(de)。②正陽(yang)門城樓(lou)(lou)、箭樓(lou)(lou)、甕(weng)城及其附(fu)屬(shu)建筑正陽(yang)橋、雉堞(die)、登城馬(ma)(ma)道、鋪(pu)舍(she)等(deng)這一組城市防御工事(shi)建筑群(qun),布(bu)局合理,造型(xing)莊嚴,氣(qi)勢凝重,顯示了中(zhong)華(hua)民族(zu)建筑藝術的(de)(de)獨特(te)風(feng)格。
作用價值
在(zai)北(bei)京城(cheng)諸門(men)中,正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)規制(zhi)(zhi)最為(wei)(wei)隆崇,是(shi)(shi)中國封(feng)建(jian)(jian)社會后期城(cheng)市布局、軍(jun)事防御、禮儀制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)藝術的(de)(de)形象體現,也是(shi)(shi)老(lao)北(bei)京歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)文化(hua)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)載體。正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)作為(wei)(wei)北(bei)京僅有的(de)(de)一(yi)座城(cheng)樓(lou)、箭樓(lou)保存完好的(de)(de)封(feng)建(jian)(jian)帝都之門(men),既是(shi)(shi)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)文化(hua)遺存,也是(shi)(shi)北(bei)京古都特色的(de)(de)絕佳載體,人(ren)文蘊涵深(shen)厚(hou)。正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)作為(wei)(wei)不可再生的(de)(de)文物資源(yuan),以其無(wu)聲的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)語言,不僅向(xiang)世人(ren)展(zhan)示(shi)出封(feng)建(jian)(jian)社會都邑城(cheng)垣(yuan)中的(de)(de)一(yi)個局部,而(er)且,在(zai)古代建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、文化(hua)藝術、民(min)俗(su)禮儀、王(wang)朝歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)等方面,都有其獨立的(de)(de)存在(zai)意義與研究價值,是(shi)(shi)北(bei)京歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)文化(hua)名(ming)城(cheng)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成部分(fen)、老(lao)北(bei)京城(cheng)的(de)(de)標志性建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。