住宅概述
中(zhong)國(guo)晚清四(si)合院建筑群。在北京(jing)東(dong)城區東(dong)四(si)六條(tiao)胡同內。建于清光緒(xu)(xu)年間,原為清光緒(xu)(xu)朝大學(xue)士崇禮(li)的宅(zhai)第(di)。其后雖(sui)經幾度轉(zhuan)手,但主要格局尚(shang)無大變。當時棟宇華(hua)麗,僅遜于王府,號稱(cheng)“東(dong)城之冠”。1988年中(zhong)華(hua)人民共和國(guo)國(guo)務(wu)院公布為中(zhong)國(guo)重點文(wen)物保護單位。
宅院(yuan)坐北朝南,占地面積9858平方米,宅院(yuan)中有三(san)條規整的中軸線,將宅第分成三(san)路院(yuan)落,內(nei)部互相連通。三(san)面臨街,正面開(kai)3座街門。此(ci)宅原有房(fang)300余間(jian),現存(cun)126 間(jian)半。
東(dong)路(今63號(hao)院(yuan)(yuan))現有三進院(yuan)(yuan)落,合瓦清(qing)水脊廣亮(liang)大門(men)一間(jian)(jian)(jian),開在東(dong)南(nan)角巽位上(shang),東(dong)邊倒座房(fang) 1間(jian)(jian)(jian),西邊 8間(jian)(jian)(jian)。第(di)一進院(yuan)(yuan)有正房(fang) 9間(jian)(jian)(jian),明間(jian)(jian)(jian)為過(guo)道門(men)。進門(men)后由對(dui)面的(de)兩卷(juan)垂花門(men)和廊廡組(zu)成(cheng)第(di)二進院(yuan)(yuan)。進垂花門(men)即為內宅,由正房(fang)、廂(xiang)房(fang)組(zu)成(cheng)一座規(gui)整的(de)四合院(yuan)(yuan):正房(fang) 3間(jian)(jian)(jian),大式(shi)硬(ying)山合瓦卷(juan)棚頂箍(gu)頭脊帶排(pai)山勾滴,東(dong)西各(ge)帶耳房(fang)兩間(jian)(jian)(jian);東(dong)西廂(xiang)房(fang)各(ge)3間(jian)(jian)(jian),硬(ying)山合瓦箍(gu)頭脊,南(nan)面各(ge)帶耳房(fang)一間(jian)(jian)(jian),正房(fang)、廂(xiang)房(fang)和垂花門(men)之間(jian)(jian)(jian),都有抄手廊相連接。此(ci)院(yuan)(yuan)北面原為花園。
中路前(qian)半部原為一座花(hua)園,有(you)水(shui)池和水(shui)座。水(shui)座北(bei)邊是(shi)五間(jian)(jian)(jian)大(da)(da)戲樓(lou),大(da)(da)式硬山(shan)合(he)瓦(wa)(wa)卷(juan)棚頂(ding)箍頭脊,帶排山(shan)勾滴,東西(xi)各帶耳房兩間(jian)(jian)(jian),前(qian)出(chu)合(he)瓦(wa)(wa)懸山(shan)頂(ding)抱廈三間(jian)(jian)(jian)。戲樓(lou)之(zhi)后的(de)院(yuan)落有(you)正(zheng)房五間(jian)(jian)(jian),該院(yuan)東半部是(shi)一座疊石(shi)假山(shan),上建六柱(zhu) 灰筒(tong)瓦(wa)(wa)圓(yuan)攢尖頂(ding)涼亭(ting)1座,小巧精致。后院(yuan)有(you)正(zheng)房五間(jian)(jian)(jian),原為祠堂,堂前(qian)現存(cun)牌坊門枕石(shi)1對。
西路(今(jin)65號院(yuan))是(shi)一(yi)組四進(jin)四合(he)院(yuan),規制小于(yu)東(dong)(dong)院(yuan),整(zheng)個建筑(zhu)可自(zi)成體系。大門(men)影(ying)壁一(yi)座,院(yuan)內有北(bei)房九間,應是(shi)外(wai)客廳。二進(jin)院(yuan)有正房三間,東(dong)(dong)
房(fang)(fang)各(ge)三間(jian)(jian)(jian),正(zheng)(zheng)房(fang)(fang)、廂(xiang)(xiang)房(fang)(fang)與前院的北(bei)房(fang)(fang)組成一(yi)個四合院,四隅由抄手廊相連(lian)接(jie),此(ci)院應(ying)是(shi)(shi)內客(ke)廳(ting)。兩(liang)廂(xiang)(xiang)房(fang)(fang)之(zhi)外各(ge)自形(xing)成一(yi)個跨(kua)院。東(dong)跨(kua)院北(bei)房(fang)(fang)3間(jian)(jian)(jian),為(wei)兩(liang)卷(juan)勾連(lian)搭式,帶前廊后廈(sha),室內的硬木槅扇上刻有(you)清代書(shu)法家鄧石如題寫(xie)的蘇東(dong)坡詩(shi)詞,此(ci)房(fang)(fang)應(ying)是(shi)(shi)書(shu)齋(zhai)。三進院的正(zheng)(zheng)門是(shi)(shi)一(yi)座兩(liang)卷(juan)垂花門,院內正(zheng)(zheng)房(fang)(fang)五間(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)西帶耳房(fang)(fang)各(ge)兩(liang)間(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)西廂(xiang)(xiang)房(fang)(fang)各(ge)三間(jian)(jian)(jian)。正(zheng)(zheng)房(fang)(fang)、廂(xiang)(xiang)房(fang)(fang)和垂花門之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)都(dou)有(you)抄手廊連(lian)接(jie),形(xing)成一(yi)組大型四合院內宅(zhai)。最后一(yi)進院落為(wei)十一(yi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)后罩房(fang)(fang),它(ta)的西邊有(you)三間(jian)(jian)(jian)似為(wei)影堂(tang)之(zhi)類(lei)的建筑(zhu)。
住宅主人
崇禮(li)(?~1907),光緒二十六年(nian)(1900)授東閣大(da)(da)學(xue)士轉文淵閣大(da)(da)學(xue)士。崇禮(li)為人平庸無能(neng),和(he)清(qing)朝(chao)皇(huang)室有姻(yin)親關系,因得慈禧太后垂青(qing)而官運亨(heng)通。住(zhu)宅幾經轉手民(min)國初年(nian),仍為公認豪宅。抗日戰爭時期,為偽滿洲國政府要員、偽新(xin)民(min)會會長(chang)張(zhang)燕卿所購。張(zhang)燕卿為清(qing)末大(da)(da)學(xue)士張(zhang)之(zhi)洞(dong)之(zhi)子。