地理位置
位于南池子大街東(dong)側,普渡寺前巷35號。其址原為明代東(dong)苑(又稱南城、小(xiao)南城)中之(zhi)重華宮,南界(jie)在今(jin)緞庫胡同。
歷史文化
明末被(bei)毀,清順(shun)(shun)治(zhi)初年(nian)(nian)(nian)改建(jian)為(wei)攝政王(wang)多爾(er)袞之(zhi)睿親(qin)王(wang)府。順(shun)(shun)治(zhi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1650年(nian)(nian)(nian))多爾(er)袞死(si)于喀噶(ga)城。二月后追(zhui)奪王(wang)爵,王(wang)府上繳。康熙三十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1694年(nian)(nian)(nian)),縮小(xiao)規模,將南部改建(jian)為(wei)緞匹庫,北部改建(jian)為(wei)瑪哈噶(ga)喇廟,供(gong)奉(feng)護法神大(da)黑天。乾(qian)隆四十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1755年(nian)(nian)(nian))賜名“普度寺(si)”,正(zheng)殿(dian)名“慈濟(ji)殿(dian)”,在正(zheng)殿(dian)、山門兩側(ce)保留(liu)或興建(jian)了行宮院(yuan)、方丈院(yuan)、小(xiao)佛殿(dian)及僧寮(liao)等。據民國(guo)時張江裁著《燕(yan)京訪古(gu)錄》載(zai),寺(si)“為(wei)元代所建(jian),正(zheng)殿(dian)供(gong)奉(feng)歡(huan)喜佛”,但此說明,清文獻不(bu)載(zai),恐不(bu)確切。
普度寺(si)在清(qing)末至民(min)國(guo)年(nian)間已為軍隊或其他(ta)機(ji)構(gou)使用(yong),只有(you)山門(men)、正殿、方丈(zhang)(zhang)院等(deng)保(bao)存較好,其余(yu)部分(fen)或拆或改,失(shi)去原狀。建(jian)國(guo)后(hou),中間部分(fen)為小學使用(yong),周邊(bian)進入居(ju)民(min),新(xin)建(jian)了大量(liang)平房(fang)。2002-2003年(nian),政府投資遷(qian)出(chu)小學和住(zhu)在寺(si)界以(yi)內的168戶居(ju)民(min),全面修復了臺基、正殿、山門(men)和方丈(zhang)(zhang)院北(bei)房(fang),其余(yu)房(fang)屋基址在取得(de)考古資料后(hou)回填保(bao)護,進行綠化,成為居(ju)住(zhu)小區內的公(gong)共(gong)活動(dong)場所。現為北(bei)京市文物保(bao)護單位。
藝術場館
北京稅務博物館
2007年5月16日,北京稅務博(bo)物館(guan)在此開放(fang),稅務博(bo)物館(guan)之(zhi)后再一(yi)次遷出普度寺。
北京三品美術館
2011年(nian)5月(yue)8日,北(bei)京三(san)品美(mei)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)(guan)在普度(du)寺開館(guan)(guan)。三(san)品美(mei)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)(guan)是一家充滿獨特(te)魅力(li)(li)的民間(jian)(jian)非營利(li)性(xing)(xing)美(mei)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)(guan)。由深圳(zhen)市千金方文(wen)化(hua)發展(zhan)(zhan)有(you)限公司投資興建,依托(tuo)中(zhong)國(guo)書(shu)(shu)畫博覽(lan)的權威傳媒(mei)資質和(he)(he)雄厚報(bao)道資源,以(yi)獨到的藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)視野、寬廣的文(wen)化(hua)胸懷、精(jing)深的的學術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)向度(du)、深切關注當代(dai)中(zhong)國(guo)傳統(tong)文(wen)化(hua)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的發展(zhan)(zhan),努力(li)(li)呈現中(zhong)華民族(zu)的優秀文(wen)化(hua)精(jing)神和(he)(he)時(shi)代(dai)特(te)征,積極致力(li)(li)于為(wei)當代(dai)中(zhong)國(guo)書(shu)(shu)畫藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)發展(zhan)(zhan)提供廣闊(kuo)的展(zhan)(zhan)示空(kong)間(jian)(jian)與實踐可能,開展(zhan)(zhan)與國(guo)際間(jian)(jian)的文(wen)化(hua)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交流(liu)(liu),以(yi)經典藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、大(da)家格調、主流(liu)(liu)聲音為(wei)宗旨,通(tong)過展(zhan)(zhan)覽(lan)、出版、學術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)、創作交流(liu)(liu)、收藏書(shu)(shu)畫作品、開展(zhan)(zhan)公眾藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)教(jiao)育(yu)等多種(zhong)形式(shi),不(bu)遺余力(li)(li)地推進海內外藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家、藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)機構、藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)活動的良性(xing)(xing)互動,以(yi)期(qi)在全球(qiu)化(hua)語境中(zhong)謀求中(zhong)國(guo)傳統(tong)書(shu)(shu)畫藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)發展(zhan)(zhan)的最(zui)(zui)大(da)可能性(xing)(xing),讓更多的人以(yi)最(zui)(zui)佳的狀態接近藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)作品和(he)(he)精(jing)神產品。三(san)品美(mei)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)(guan)主要承擔(dan)中(zhong)國(guo)書(shu)(shu)法(fa)美(mei)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)作品的展(zhan)(zhan)覽(lan)、收藏,開展(zhan)(zhan)學術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)、教(jiao)育(yu)推廣和(he)(he)公共文(wen)化(hua)服務(wu)。為(wei)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家提供創作、展(zhan)(zhan)示、交流(liu)(liu)平(ping)臺。
寺院概貌
全寺(si)(si)建于磚(zhuan)砌高臺上,平均(jun)高約3米(mi),周圍建宇墻,此(ci)臺即是明(ming)重華宮寢宮部(bu)分的基座。磚(zhuan)臺正(zheng)中(zhong)有臺階,正(zheng)對山(shan)門。山(shan)門面(mian)闊(kuo)三間(jian),進(jin)深七檁,大式硬山(shan)頂(ding),綠琉(liu)璃(li)瓦,調大脊,安(an)吻獸,墻體刷紅。正(zheng)面(mian)明(ming)間(jian)辟(pi)白石(shi)拱門,兩(liang)次間(jian)為(wei)裝飾性白石(shi)拱窗,石(shi)雕(diao)仿木菱花扇(shan);背面(mian)出廊,金(jin)步明(ming)間(jian)裝板門,兩(liang)次間(jian)白石(shi)券窗同正(zheng)面(mian)。室內彩畫保存良(liang)好,為(wei)金(jin)龍和璽(xi)式,等級甚高,應是睿親王(wang)府時期(qi)遺物(wu)。但(dan)建筑形制為(wei)佛(fo)寺(si)(si)山(shan)門,屋頂(ding)琉(liu)璃(li)等級高于正(zheng)殿,可能(neng)是王(wang)府改為(wei)佛(fo)寺(si)(si)后(hou),對外觀進(jin)行了改動。
正殿(dian)(dian)(慈濟殿(dian)(dian))建(jian)于石(shi)須彌座上,但殿(dian)(dian)身(shen)并(bing)未(wei)占滿(man)(man)全座,座之比例及(ji)雕刻均有(you)明代特(te)征,可(ke)(ke)(ke)證(zheng)此座仍是明重華宮(gong)寢殿(dian)(dian)原(yuan)有(you)臺基,后建(jian)大(da)殿(dian)(dian)縮小了規模。殿(dian)(dian)身(shen)面(mian)(mian)(mian)闊七間(jian)(jian),進深三(san)間(jian)(jian),前(qian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)抱(bao)(bao)廈(sha)(sha)面(mian)(mian)(mian)闊三(san)間(jian)(jian),進深一(yi)間(jian)(jian),全殿(dian)(dian)外加周圍廊。主殿(dian)(dian)單檐(yan)歇(xie)山頂,調大(da)脊,安吻(wen)獸(shou),削割瓦(wa)綠琉(liu)璃(li)剪邊(bian);抱(bao)(bao)廈(sha)(sha)卷棚歇(xie)山頂,綠琉(liu)璃(li)瓦(wa)黃剪邊(bian)。全殿(dian)(dian)廊內(nei)砌(qi)磚墻,正面(mian)(mian)(mian)、山面(mian)(mian)(mian)開大(da)支窗,下肩飾六方(fang)綠琉(liu)璃(li)磚。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)東部隔出(chu)(chu)(chu)二間(jian)(jian)內(nei)室(shi)。外檐(yan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)檐(yan)為(wei)三(san)層椽(chuan),無(wu)斗(dou)栱(gong),在柱(zhu)頭裝飾獸(shou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)木(mu)雕,雀(que)替形式特(te)殊,室(shi)內(nei)彩畫(hua)還有(you)不(bu)少博古(gu)題材,整個建(jian)筑具有(you)明顯的關外滿(man)(man)族(zu)宮(gong)室(shi)特(te)征,可(ke)(ke)(ke)斷(duan)定此殿(dian)(dian)是順治初年新建(jian)的王府大(da)殿(dian)(dian),抱(bao)(bao)廈(sha)(sha)用(yong)瓦(wa)等級高于主殿(dian)(dian),可(ke)(ke)(ke)能是乾隆時新加。抱(bao)(bao)廈(sha)(sha)內(nei)東南角有(you)一(yi)石(shi)砌(qi)圓(yuan)坑(keng),直徑(jing)4.8米,深1.5米左右,北(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)石(shi)階可(ke)(ke)(ke)下至坑(keng)底。坑(keng)口(kou)周邊(bian)有(you)八組(zu)石(shi)雕圖案,雕刻水波神(shen)仙怪獸(shou),其用(yong)途(tu)及(ji)雕刻題材尚(shang)待考(kao)證(zheng)。但如果抱(bao)(bao)廈(sha)(sha)為(wei)后建(jian),則此石(shi)坑(keng)原(yuan)在室(shi)外,其用(yong)途(tu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能是滿(man)(man)族(zu)薩滿(man)(man)祭祀的設施。大(da)殿(dian)(dian)之西尚(shang)存(cun)方(fang)丈院北(bei)房五間(jian)(jian),七檁(lin)前(qian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)廊,硬(ying)山筒瓦(wa)過壟(long)脊。