白云觀位于北京(jing)市西城區復(fu)興門外白云路東側,是道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)全真三大祖庭(ting)之(zhi)一。道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)固(gu)有的宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao),奉老子為(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)主,認為(wei)道(dao)無所不包(bao)、無所不在,以“道(dao)德經”為(wei)主要經典,其(qi)創始人為(wei)東漢時期(qi)的張道(dao)陵。白云觀始建于唐開元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)二十七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)739年(nian)(nian)(nian)),清(qing)康熙四十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1706年(nian)(nian)(nian))、五(wu)十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1714年(nian)(nian)(nian))、光緒十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1886年(nian)(nian)(nian))多(duo)(duo)次(ci)重修。現存(cun)建筑多(duo)(duo)為(wei)明清(qing)遺構(gou)。
白云觀全部建筑分為東、中、西三路,后面有花園。主要建筑都集中在中路,依次為牌樓、山門、靈官殿、玉皇殿、老律堂(七真殿)、邱祖殿、四御殿、戒臺與云集山房等,大大小小共有50多座殿堂,占地約2萬平方米。它吸取南北宮觀、園林特點建成,殿宇宏麗,景色幽雅,殿內全用道教圖案裝飾。其中四御殿為二層建筑,上層名三清閣,內藏明正統年間(公元1436—1449年)刊刻的《道藏》一部。邱祖殿為主要殿堂,內有邱處機的泥塑像,塑像下埋葬邱的遺骨。此觀在清朝改建時細部裝飾彩畫仍用道教圖案,如靈芝、仙鶴、八卦、八仙等。觀內保存有大量碑刻,如重修碑記、捐產碑記、畝產碑記、香火碑記等,記述觀址建筑變遷。東路有南極殿、真武殿、火神殿、羅公塔等,現改為觀內生活區。西路有祠堂、元君殿、文昌殿等。后花園內有亭臺、游廊,是極負盛名的道觀園林。
白(bai)云觀(guan)(guan)初建于唐開元二十六年(739),原名天長觀(guan)(guan),金(jin)明昌三(san)年(1192),重修此觀(guan)(guan),改名為太極(ji)宮,金(jin)泰和三(san)年(1203),太極(ji)宮毀于火(huo)。
元初道教(jiao)全真派長春(chun)真人丘(qiu)處機奉元太祖成吉思(si)汗之詔駐太極宮掌管全國(guo)道教(jiao),遂更(geng)名長春(chun)宮,為中(zhong)國(guo)北方道教(jiao)的中(zhong)心。
金正大(da)四年(1227)丘處機(ji)逝世,其弟子(zi)尹(yin)志(zhi)平(ping)在長(chang)春宮東(dong)側建立道(dao)院,取(qu)名(ming)白云(yun)觀。
元代末年(nian),長春宮等建筑毀于兵燹,白云觀(guan)獨存。
明洪武二十七年(1394)重(zhong)建(jian)前后二殿和一些附屬(shu)建(jian)筑,正統(tong)年間又(you)大規模重(zhong)建(jian)和添(tian)建(jian),使(shi)觀(guan)之規制趨于(yu)完善。明正統(tong)八年(1443),正式賜額“白云(yun)觀(guan)”。明末,白云(yun)觀(guan)毀于(yu)火。
清康熙(xi)四十五(wu)年(1706)在原來基礎上重新大規模(mo)重修與(yu)擴建,今(jin)白(bai)云觀的整體布(bu)局和主(zhu)要殿閣規制即形成于此時。以(yi)后,在乾隆、光緒年間又有修繕和少量添建。
民(min)國期間,觀內(nei)建筑大(da)都(dou)因年久失修變的殘(can)破。
解放后,政府于1956年(nian)撥款進行修繕,1957年(nian)定(ding)為(wei)中國道教協會會址。
“文革”期(qi)間,白(bai)云觀再次受到破(po)壞,1981年(nian)又撥款(kuan)全面修葺,并對外開放(fang)。
1979年,白云(yun)觀被公(gong)布為北(bei)京市文物保護單位。
2001年06月25日(ri),白云觀作(zuo)為清代古建筑,被(bei)國務院批(pi)準列(lie)入第(di)五批(pi)全國重點(dian)文物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位名單(dan)。
白云觀(guan)坐北(bei)朝南,分為中、東、西三(san)路以及后院計四個(ge)部分,占地(di)面(mian)積1公頃(qing)多。
主要殿(dian)宇位(wei)于中(zhong)(zhong)軸線(xian)上,包括山門(men)、靈官殿(dian)、玉(yu)皇(huang)殿(dian)、老律(lv)堂、丘祖(zu)殿(dian)、三清閣(ge)等(deng)建筑,配殿(dian)、廊(lang)廡分(fen)列中(zhong)(zhong)軸兩旁。
山(shan)(shan)門(men)(men)前(qian)神路的前(qian)端有欞星門(men)(men),為一四柱七樓木結構牌坊,正樓前(qian)后有額,前(qian)書(shu)(shu)“洞天勝境”,后書(shu)(shu)“瓊林閬苑”。山(shan)(shan)門(men)(men)建于明代,面闊三間,單檐琉璃瓦歇山(shan)(shan)頂,漢白玉(yu)雕花拱券石門(men)(men),檐下(xia)額書(shu)(shu)“敕(chi)建白云(yun)觀”,門(men)(men)前(qian)有石獅、華表(biao)等物。欞星門(men)(men)外有磚(zhuan)砌照壁,壁心(xin)嵌“萬古長春”字樣的琉璃雕磚(zhuan)。
山(shan)門內(nei)(nei)為靈官殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),原為四帥殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),面(mian)(mian)闊三(san)間(jian)(jian),進深(shen)一間(jian)(jian),內(nei)(nei)奉王靈官像(xiang)(xiang)。靈官殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后東(dong)西兩(liang)側有鐘鼓樓(lou),為方形(xing)(xing)二層建筑(zhu),東(dong)為鼓樓(lou),西為鐘樓(lou),與其他寺觀(guan)布置相(xiang)反。其后為玉皇殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),坐(zuo)落于(yu)高大的(de)(de)(de)“凸(tu)”字形(xing)(xing)臺(tai)(tai)基之上,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)面(mian)(mian)闊五間(jian)(jian),三(san)間(jian)(jian)前(qian)列月(yue)臺(tai)(tai),灰筒(tong)瓦歇(xie)山(shan)頂,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)供玉皇大帝神像(xiang)(xiang),現兩(liang)側的(de)(de)(de)萬歷年間(jian)(jian)鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)銅像(xiang)(xiang)為他處(chu)移來(lai)。老(lao)律(lv)堂原稱七真殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),位于(yu)玉皇殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后,為觀(guan)內(nei)(nei)道士宗(zong)教(jiao)活動的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)場(chang)所。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)面(mian)(mian)闊三(san)間(jian)(jian),勾連搭建筑(zhu),前(qian)出月(yue)臺(tai)(tai)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)供奉全(quan)真道祖師(shi)王重陽的(de)(de)(de)七大弟子塑像(xiang)(xiang),丘處(chu)機(ji)居中,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)正梁上懸康熙御書“瑯(lang)簡(jian)真庭”橫(heng)匾。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外月(yue)臺(tai)(tai)右(you)方立銅騾一騎(qi),原為東(dong)岳廟之物,后移至此處(chu)。
丘(qiu)祖殿(dian)為(wei)(wei)老(lao)律堂后一組自成院落的前列建筑,始建于金正大五年(1128),名(ming)處順堂,清康(kang)熙年間改為(wei)(wei)貞寂堂,乾隆四十(shi)五年(1780)改為(wei)(wei)今名(ming),是全(quan)真(zhen)龍(long)門派后裔奉祀丘(qiu)處機的殿(dian)堂,殿(dian)面(mian)闊三間,灰(hui)筒瓦歇山頂,殿(dian)內塑有丘(qiu)真(zhen)人和二脅侍像,有癭(ying)缽置于石座(zuo)上,相傳為(wei)(wei)宋代遺物,為(wei)(wei)乾隆帝所賜。
三(san)(san)清(qing)閣(ge)和(he)四(si)御(yu)殿(dian)(dian)是(shi)與丘祖殿(dian)(dian)組成院(yuan)落的(de)正(zheng)房(fang),上(shang)下兩層,上(shang)為三(san)(san)清(qing)閣(ge),下為四(si)御(yu)殿(dian)(dian),面闊五間,前(qian)出廊,是(shi)白云(yun)觀中(zhong)路北端的(de)頂(ding)點(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)。三(san)(san)清(qing)閣(ge)供奉道(dao)教最高尊(zun)(zun)神(shen)玉清(qing)原(yuan)始(shi)天尊(zun)(zun)、上(shang)清(qing)靈寶天尊(zun)(zun)、太清(qing)道(dao)德天尊(zun)(zun),四(si)御(yu)殿(dian)(dian)供天神(shen)界(jie)的(de)四(si)位大(da)帝像。閣(ge)兩側有轉角翼(yi)(yi)樓(lou)相通(tong),東為藏(zang)經樓(lou),原(yuan)藏(zang)有明(ming)正(zheng)統道(dao)藏(zang)和(he)萬歷續道(dao)藏(zang),后移交北京圖(tu)書(shu)館(guan)。西翼(yi)(yi)樓(lou)為朝天樓(lou)或望月樓(lou)。三(san)(san)清(qing)閣(ge)后為云(yun)集(ji)(ji)園(yuan),是(shi)白云(yun)觀的(de)后院(yuan),也是(shi)觀最北端的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)。云(yun)集(ji)(ji)園(yuan)始(shi)建(jian)于光緒(xu)十三(san)(san)年(nian)(1887),園(yuan)中(zhong)以戒(jie)臺、云(yun)集(ji)(ji)山(shan)房(fang)為主(zhu)體建(jian)筑(zhu),另外尚(shang)有云(yun)華仙(xian)館(guan)、友(you)鶴(he)亭、妙香亭、退居樓(lou)等建(jian)筑(zhu)點(dian)綴(zhui)園(yuan)中(zhong)。云(yun)集(ji)(ji)山(shan)房(fang)面闊三(san)(san)間,周以圍廊;戒(jie)臺位于其(qi)南,北向,為傳經受戒(jie)之所,其(qi)兩側有游廊迂回,后有假山(shan)橫亙。整(zheng)個后院(yuan)布局(ju)精巧、景色幽美。
觀(guan)東路原有(you)(you)南極殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、真武殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、火神(shen)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、齋堂(tang)(tang)等(deng)建(jian)筑,因所(suo)奉神(shen)像早毀,現已辟為(wei)寮房,作為(wei)生活居住區(qu)。東路尚有(you)(you)保存(cun)完好(hao)建(jian)于雍正年(nian)間的羅公(gong)塔,塔八(ba)角三(san)級,磚石結構(gou),雕(diao)花(hua)細膩(ni),古樸莊重。西路建(jian)筑呂(lv)祖殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、八(ba)仙殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、元君(jun)(jun)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、元辰殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、祠(ci)堂(tang)(tang)院等(deng);祠(ci)堂(tang)(tang)在南端,為(wei)供奉白云觀(guan)歷(li)代(dai)方丈神(shen)位(wei)之所(suo);元君(jun)(jun)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),亦稱娘娘殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),建(jian)于乾隆(long)二十(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(1756),面闊(kuo)三(san)間,歇山頂,中奉碧霞元君(jun)(jun),左(zuo)右為(wei)子孫娘娘和眼光(guang)娘娘,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)左(zuo)右復(fu)有(you)(you)懸山各(ge)一(yi)(yi)座,下有(you)(you)催生娘娘和天花(hua)娘娘塑像,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原為(wei)坐(zuo)北朝南,現為(wei)坐(zuo)南朝北,為(wei)觀(guan)中唯一(yi)(yi)的倒座殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);呂(lv)祖殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)于元君(jun)(jun)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)西側(ce),建(jian)于嘉慶十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(1808),為(wei)一(yi)(yi)獨(du)立院落。院分前(qian)后亮(liang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),均面闊(kuo)三(san)間,兩側(ce)配以廡廊;前(qian)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)八(ba)仙殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中順兩山塑八(ba)仙像。
穿八仙殿而過為呂祖殿,為供奉呂洞賓的專殿,殿為綠琉璃瓦頂,為觀中僅有;元辰殿在三清閣西側,又名六十甲子殿,為供奉六十甲子星宿神像之所,殿面闊五間,灰瓦歇山頂,殿內原奉六十甲子像毀于“文革”,現為1984年補塑,并于中央新塑斗姥像做主神。
公交:乘坐26、特19、80、695、717、特5、特6到(dao)白(bai)云觀站下(xia)車可達。或(huo)者乘坐3、19、42、46、662、691到(dao)天寧寺橋北下(xia)車,78真(zhen)武廟三(san)里下(xia)車。或(huo)者乘坐9、40、47路天寧寺橋西下(xia)車。